Accumulation of 14C-trinitrotoluene and related nonextractable (bound) residues in Eisenia fetida

Belden, Jason B.; Lotufo, Guillerme R.; Chambliss, C. Kevin; Fisher, Jonathan C.; Johnson, Dave; Boyd, Robert E.; Sims, Jerre G.

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2011.01.007

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 20 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The half-lives were 61 to 120 hours for TNT, AmDNTs, and DANTs, which was significantly lower than the half-lives found for nonextractable residues, which ranged from 201 to 240 hours. Despite resisting organic solvent extraction, 80% of the nonextractable residue in earthworms was solubilized when residual tissue was treated with a dilute aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid (Belden et al 2011). This extraction behavior is consistent with the assumed transformation pathway shown in Figure 6.2.…”

Section: Formation and Elimination Of Tnt Bound Residues In Marine Insupporting

confidence: 67%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Summary Review of the Aquatic Toxicology of Munitions Constituents

Lotufo¹,

Rosen²,

Wild³

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Military munitions are present in waters around the world, including those waters located at current and former Department of Defense sites. This report provides a review of the aquatic ecotoxicology of munitions constituents (MC), including nitroaromatics (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), dinitrotoluenes (DNTs), 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB), 2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (tetryl) and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid)); nitrate esters (nitrocellulose (NC), pentaerythritoltetranitrate (PETN), nitroglycerine (NG)); and nitramines (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX)). The major focus of this report is on the fate and effects of MC in the marine environment. Most MC observed in this study rapidly degraded in aqueous exposure systems and nitroaromatics showed a significant binding affinity with organic matter. To support the assessment of risk from MC in aquatic environments, laboratory-based toxicity data have been derived for a variety of aquatic species for both lethal and sublethal exposure endpoints using spiked water or sediment. Frequently, unrealistically high concentrations were used to derive toxicity benchmarks. In general, nitramines were less toxic than nitroaromatics, with a wide range of sensitivity among species. MC are weakly hydrophobic and bioaccumulative potential was low, as expected. High elimination rates for MC resulted in a virtually complete loss of body residue within hours to days following transfer to clean water. Uptake of TNT resulted in the substantial formation of bound residues. For fish, aqueous exposure was the dominant route of exposure to explosive compounds, with dietary uptake providing only minimal contribution. More realistic exposures using Composition B and multiple species found the presence of munitions in aquatic environments unlikely to result in biological effects. Verification of this conclusion should be pursued by determining site-specific exposure risk.

show abstract

Section: Formation and Elimination Of Tnt Bound Residues In Marine Insupporting

confidence: 67%

“…A recent investigation of 14 C-TNT toxicokinetics in earthworms (Belden et al 2011) showed that nonextractable residues accounted for as much as 68% of total body burden. Parent TNT accounted for less than 3% of radioactivity, while Am-DNTs accounted for 7 to 38%.…”

Section: Formation and Elimination Of Tnt Bound Residues In Marine Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Summary Review of the Aquatic Toxicology of Munitions Constituents

Lotufo¹,

Rosen²,

Wild³

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…(C) The third possible explanation is that further breakdown of the nitroso derivatives led to compounds that quickly formed adducts that are bound to specific tissue types. Bound adducts have been proposed in 14 C labeled munitions experiments as an unextractable fraction and used to explain discrepancies between the measurable amount of munitions and the radio isotope label (Belden et al, 2011). As indicated by the model, (k pN and k mN ) the 15 N was biotransformed into other compounds other than the three main RDX derivatives MNX, DNX, and TNX and both explanations B and C are supported by these models results.…”

Section: Rdx Uptake and Transformations In Biotasupporting

confidence: 61%

Uptake and fate of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in coastal marine biota determined using a stable isotopic tracer, 15N – [RDX]

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…It is important to bear in mind that many of the organic MC and their transformation products are strongly bound in biotic tissues and during sorption, to the extent that solventextraction and identification are hampered (Pennington et al, 1995;Achtnich et al, 1999;Ownby et al, 2005;Ballentine et al, 2015;Ariyarathna et al, 2016). Procedures using multi-step extractions including acid and base reagents have achieved more complete recovery of MCs (Thorne and Leggett, 1997;Belden et al, 2011;Lotufo et al, 2016). This suggests that lack of MC detection in previous studies may be a methodological artifact or lack of sensitivity, and not definitive of MC absence in sediments or biota.…”

Section: Organic MCmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spread, Behavior, and Ecosystem Consequences of Conventional Munitions Compounds in Coastal Marine Waters

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Coastal marine environments are contaminated globally with a vast quantity of unexploded ordnance and munitions from intentional disposal. These munitions contain organic explosive compounds as well as a variety of metals, and represent point sources of chemical pollution to marine waters. Most underwater munitions originate from World Wars at the beginning of the twentieth century, and metal munitions housings have been impacted by extensive corrosion over the course of the following decades. As a result, the risk of munitions-related contaminant release to the water column is increasing. The behavior of munitions compounds is well-characterized in terrestrial systems and groundwater, but is only poorly understood in marine systems. Organic explosive compounds, primarily nitroaromatics and nitramines, can be degraded or transformed by a variety of biotic and abiotic mechanisms. These reaction products exhibit a range in biogeochemical characteristics such as sorption by particles and sediments, and variable environmental behavior as a result. The reaction products often exhibit increased toxicity to biological receptors and geochemical controls like sorption can limit this exposure. Environmental samples typically show low concentrations of munitions compounds in water and sediments (on the order of ng/L and µg/kg, respectively), and ecological risk appears generally low. Nonetheless, recent work demonstrates the possibility of sub-lethal genetic and metabolic effects. This review evaluates the state of knowledge on the occurrence, fate, and effect of munition-related chemical contaminants in the marine environment. There remain a number of knowledge gaps that limit our understanding of munitions-related contaminant spread and effect, and the need for additional work is made all the more urgent by increasing risk of release to the environment.

show abstract

Accumulation of 14C-trinitrotoluene and related nonextractable (bound) residues in Eisenia fetida

Cited by 21 publications

References 20 publications

Summary Review of the Aquatic Toxicology of Munitions Constituents

Summary Review of the Aquatic Toxicology of Munitions Constituents

Uptake and fate of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in coastal marine biota determined using a stable isotopic tracer, 15N – [RDX]

Spread, Behavior, and Ecosystem Consequences of Conventional Munitions Compounds in Coastal Marine Waters

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About