20Concentrations of 10 trace elements (Hg, As, Cd, Pb, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se and Zn) were determined 21 in different tissues (liver, kidney, muscle, heart and brain) of African sacred ibis (Threskiornis observed in the great white pelican compared to the other species, and liver concentrations of these 27 two elements showed positive correlations with trophic level. Concentrations of toxic elements (As,28 Cd, Pb and Hg) in liver were below their respective toxicological thresholds, indicating that the data 29 may provide baseline information for future studies. Trace elements are highly persistent, have bioaccumulation and/or biomagnification potential 34 along the food web, and depending upon their concentrations may be toxic to humans and wildlife.
35Owing to their wide distribution, feeding at different trophic levels and sensitivity to environmental (Carpenter et al. 2004;Heinz 1996).
3In general, effects of exposure to trace elements have been associated with declines in bird 4 populations [http://www.birdlife.org]. However, despite the presence of the great biodiversity and 5 numbers of birds, the African environment has received little attention from researchers in reference 6 to environmental contamination up to the present day. As a consequence, there is a paucity of 7 information about the contamination status and ecological impacts of pollutants like trace elements 8 in birds inhabiting Africa. Thus, monitoring levels of environment pollutants in avian species may 9 be of crucial importance in preventing potential risks to living beings.
10The Ethiopian Rift Valley comprises seven principal lakes in a closed water basin. It is a highly 11 productive agricultural region, and a major tourism attraction area for bird watching in the country.
12The region provides ideal habitat for a variety of avian species and wildlife. It serves as a breeding,
13and wintering ground, and as a migration stopover area for several resident and migratory bird 14 species. Lake Ziway is one of the best sites in Ethiopia to see a diversity of bird species such as Valley region. Thus, it is expected that the data generated here will serve as reference values and 23 baseline data for future studies.
24Therefore, this work was intended to (1) assess the bioaccumulation levels of 10 elements (Hg, 25 As, Cd, Pb, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, and Zn) in liver, kidney, muscle, heart and brain of four bird species, 26 and (2) investigate potential ecological risks in birds to delineate the bird species at risk. The 27 information will henceforth be highly useful for conservation research on avian species.
29
Materials and Methods
30Detailed information about the studied bird species is described elsewhere (Yohannes et al. for the assessment of isotopic ratio was described in our previous study (Yohannes et al. 2014).
18Statistical analyses were performed using JMP 9 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA), and the level analyze relations between log-transformed liver concentrations of trace elements and δ 15 N.
26
Results and Discussion...