Accumulation of mixed linkage (1→3) (1→4)-β-d-glucan during grain filling in barley: A vibrational spectroscopy study

A physiochemical theory on the applicability of soft mathematical models—experimentally interpreted

“…However, the amorphous ß-glucan has a much greater ability to absorb and desorb water than the starch granule (amyloplast) that is densely packed with mainly crystalline bound water and enclosed by a lipid alignment. The approximate increase from 5 to 20% in ß-glucan and the 50% decrease in starch [15] in the lys5.f mutant (Table II) is accompanied by a drastic increase in water content ( Figure 4E [17,26]) measured during seed synthesis from 16 to 39DAF with over 10 relative percentages in the lys5.f endosperm compared to the normal control. This condition is likely to change the water activity in stochastic (Table I:4) diffusive reactions throughout the endosperm tissue, which in turn will influence all chemical equilibriums, and enzyme activities in an unpredictable indeterministic way (Table I:6) [24].…”

“…( Figure 4A-E, 6B): 87 developing barley seed samples [17] including the C mutant lys5.f, the P mutant lys3.a and a normal control (variety Cork) grown irrigated outdoors under plastic roof. Samples were taken at 13, 16, 20, 23, 30, 39 and 47 days After Flowering (DAF) and freeze-dried and milled.…”

“…A dynamic spectral dimension exemplified in the 2270-2360 nm region is added to self-organisation by the endosperm development in the Material 2 [17] in Figure 4A-D featuring samples from 16 to 47 DAF that are validated to chemical analyses in Figure 4. Already at the early stage at 16 DAF ( Figure 4A), the ß-glucan compensated starch C mutant lys5.f (in red) is clearly spectrally differentiated from the blue (P) and the green (N) genotypes.…”

Comparative spectroscopic and rheological studies on crude and purified soluble barley and oat β-glucan preparations

“…Liquid state 1 H NMR allows estimation of the ratio of β-(1 → 3) to β-(1→ 4) linkages in the β-glucan polymers as well as the residual constituents present in the β-glucan extract. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy has also been successfully used for the analysis of plant cell wall polysaccharides including β-glucans (Johansson et al, 2004;Kacurakova & Wilson, 2001;Seefeldt, Blennow, Jespersen, Wollenweber, & Engelsen, 2009). Raman spectroscopy has a great potential in analyzing plant cell wall polysaccharides (Engelsen & Norgaard, 1996;Goral & Zichy, 1990;Mohacek-Grosev, Bozac, & Puppels, 2001;Salomonsen, Jensen, Stenbaek, & Engelsen, 2008;Sene, Mccann, Wilson, & Grinter, 1994) but to the best of our knowledge, structural and compositional cereal β-glucan analysis by Raman spectroscopy has not been reported before.…”

“…Both IR and Raman spectroscopic methods are rapid, sensitive and able to distinguish the α-and β-conformations of saccharides (Cael, Koenig, & Blackwel, 1974;Engelsen & Norgaard, 1996;Kacurakova, Capek, Sasinkova, Wellner, & Ebringerova, 2000). In contrast to chemical, chromatographic, or mass spectrometric methods, spectroscopic methods require no chemical extraction as the intact sample matrix is examined which is an advantage when analyzing delicate and complex biological samples (Seefeldt et al, 2008;Seefeldt et al, 2009).…”