Accumulation of Short-, Medium-, and Long-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Marine and Terrestrial Animals from Scandinavia

Abstract

Short-, medium-, and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs) have a wide range of physical-chemical properties, indicating their varying bioaccumulation tendencies in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. However, there are few empirical data to reveal such bioaccumulation tendencies. In this study, we analyzed SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs in samples from 18 species at both low and high trophic levels of marine and terrestrial ecosystems from the Scandinavian region collected during the past decade. These included fish, seabirds, marine mammals, and terrestrial birds and mammals. SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs were present in all the species, with concentrations ranging from 26–1500, 30–1600, 6.0–1200 ng/g lipid, respectively. Although MCCPs and SCCPs predominated in most species, many terrestrial species had generally higher concentrations of LCCPs than marine species. Terrestrial raptors in particular accumulated higher concentrations of LCCPs, including C24/25which are predominant among very-long-chain components. LCCP concentrations were highest and predominated (55% of total CPs) in peregrine falcons in this study, which is the first report where concentrations of LCCPs surpass those of SCCPs and MCCPs in wildlife. The results also indicate biomagnification of SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs in both marine and terrestrial food chains, but in-depth studies of specific food webs are needed.

Chlorinated Paraffins in Car Tires Recycled to Rubber Granulates and Playground Tiles

“…13 LCCPs have recently been detected in human blood (up to 530 ng/g lipid weight) 14 from China and in wildlife samples from China and Sweden with levels up to 10 μg/g lipid weight, whereby in one of the biota samples from Sweden LCCPs were dominant. 15,16 These findings may highlight the importance to include LCCPs in measurement programs for CPs.…”

Chlorinated Paraffin Levels in Relation to Other Persistent Organic Pollutants Found in Pooled Human Milk Samples from Primiparous Mothers in 53 Countries

“…Recently, toxicologists have called for more occurrence data and toxicological studies of MCCPs to expand on existing data ( Fisk et al. 2000 ; ECB 2005 ; Thompson and Vaughan 2014 ; Yuan et al. 2019 ) and better assess potential health risks and safety ( Swedish Chemicals Agency 2018 ; EFSA CONTAM Panel et al.…”

“…SCCPs have been under scrutiny for more than a decade for their persistent (Muir et al 2001;ECHA 2008), bioaccumulative (Fisk et al 2000;Houde et al 2008;Yuan et al 2019), and toxic (Cooley et al 2001;El-Sayed and Legler 2010;Geng et al 2016) properties, and their production and use worldwide was severely restricted under the Stockholm Convention in 2017 (COP.8 2017). This action appears to have resulted in a shift to production of the other CP groups, particularly MCCPs and probably LCCPs as well, although data on the latter are much sparser in literature.…”

Refinement and extension of COSMO-RS-trained fragment contribution models for predicting the partition properties of C10–20 chlorinated paraffin congeners

“…SCCPs are restricted under the Stockholm Convention due to their recognized persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic properties. 1 MCCPs and LCCPs are also of environmental concern because of their frequent detection in various environmental and biological samples [2][3][4][5] including samples from humans. 6,7 Environmental property values such as equilibrium partition coefficients (K) need to be known for environmental fate and risk assessments, although the extremely high complexity of CP mixtures hampers the use of conventional experimental and theoretical approaches to obtain their property data.…”