Accumulations of Nitrite and Nitrate in the Tissues of Penaeus monodon Exposed to a Combined Environment of Elevated Nitrite and Nitrate

Abstract

Penaeus monodon (11.86 +/- 0.63 g) exposed individually to six different nitrite and nitrate regimes [nitrite at 0.002 (control), 0.360, and 1.455 mM combined with nitrate at 0.005 (control) and 7.275 mM] in 25 ppt sea water were examined for the nitrite and nitrate concentrations in tissues and nitrite uptake and nitrate uptake after 24 h in 25.3 degrees C. In P. monodon following exposure to 1.455 mM nitrite only, nitrite levels increased by factors of 0.33, 1.05, 1.36, 1.79, 2.10, 2.16, 2.21, and 3.58 in muscle, hepatopancreas, gill, foregut, hemolymph, heart, eyestalk, and midgut, respectively, over the ambient nitrite level. In P. monodon, following exposure to combined solutions of 1.455 mM nitrite and 7.275 mM nitrate, nitrite levels were factors of 0.34, 1.05, 1.44, 1.86, 2.21, 2.30, 2.67, and 3.83 in muscle, hepatopancreas, gill, foregut, heart, hemolymph, eyestalk, and midgut, respectively, over the ambient nitrite levels, whereas nitrate levels were factors of 0.06, 0.11, 0.27, 0.29, 0.45, 0.51, 0.57, and 0.61 in muscle, hepatopancreas, foregut, heart, hemolymph, gill, midgut, and eyestalk, respectively, over the ambient nitrate levels. It is concluded that incorporation of nitrite is converted to nitrate in midgut, heart, hemolymph, foregut, and eyestalk, whereas incorporation of nitrate in tissues is converted to nitrite and accumulated in eyestalk when P. monodon are exposed to combined nitrite and nitrate environments.

Effects of Acute Sodium Nitrite and Sodium Nitrate on the Development of Drosophila melanogaster

“…Also, Sarıkaya et al (2006) found that the effect of nitrite was higher than nitrate. Cheng and Chen (2002) conducted a study with the Asian tiger shrimp Panaeus monodon and applied NaNO2 and NaNO3 to these organisms. They investigated the accumulation of nitrite and nitrate in the tissues.…”

“…They investigated the accumulation of nitrite and nitrate in the tissues. Cheng and Chen (2002) found out that nitrite and nitrate have similar toxicological mechanisms but nitrite accumulates in the tissues more than nitrate. In addition, it is stated that organisms convert nitrate to nitrite and toxicity occurs in this way.…”

Survival and precopulatory guarding behavior of Hyalella azteca (Amphipoda) exposed to nitrate in the presence of atrazine

“…Because of organic food particles and no aeration of test solutions over the exposure period, dissolved oxygen dropped to as low as 2 mg/L in some treatments, including controls, despite solution renewals at 24-h intervals. Ammonia levels were high because of metabolic waste coincident with feeding activity, and previous studies have shown that ambient nitrate concentrations can significantly increase ammonia excretion in penaeid shrimp [28].…”

Water Quality Influences Reproduction in Female Mosquitofish ( Gambusia holbrooki ) from Eight Florida Springs

“…In crabs, nitrate can cross the gills, sometimes against a concentration gradient, by substituting for chloride (Cl) in the chloride-bicarbonate exchange mechanism that normally regulates the osmotic and respiratory functions of the gill (Lee and Pritchard 1985; Onken et al 2003). The ability of the gill epithelium of freshwater fish to accumulate Cl − suggests that nitrate can also accumulate, as shown in tiger prawns (Cheng and Chen 2002). Thus, as is the case with chloride, the circulating nitrate concentration can exceed that of the surrounding water.…”