Accuracy and efficiency of robotic dental implant surgery with different human-robot interactions: An in vitro study

An in vitro analysis of the accuracy of static and robot‐assisted implant surgery

“…In another in vitro study, they reported comparable findings of 1.01 ± 0.44° angular deviation and discrepancies of 0.80 ± 0.54 mm at the crest and 0.87 ± 0.54 mm at the apex (Tao et al, 2023). Xu et al (2023) compared three dental robots with different levels of autonomy. They found that a level 1 autonomy robot (robot-assisted) had significantly higher angular and 3D deviations than level 2 robots (with task autonomy).…”

“…In some studies, the researcher used a dental robot that can perform the osteotomy automated (task autonomy) after the drill and handpiece is positioned at the site of the desired and planned implant. A navigation system using an infrared camera tracks the patient and the drill and coordinates with the robot (Chen, Bai, et al, 2023;Tao et al, 2022;Xu et al, 2023). Tao et al (2022) found in a first in vitro study an angular deviation of 1.00 ± 0.48° and a mean deviation at the crest of 0.83 ± 0.55 mm and at the apex of 0.91 ± 0.56 mm for such automated robot.…”

The evolution of robotics: research and application progress of dental implant robotic systems

“…The robot-assistance dental implant robotic systems provide haptic, 75 visual or combined visual and tactile guidance during dental implant surgery. 46 , 76 , 77 Throughout the procedure, surgeons must maneuver handpieces attached to the robotic guidance arm and apply light force to prepare osteotomies. 62 The robotic arm constrains the 3D space of the drill as defined by the virtual plan, enabling surgeons to move the end of the mechanical arm horizontally or adjust its movement speed.…”

“…The task-autonomous dental implant robotic systems can autonomously perform partial surgical procedures, such as adjusting the position of the handpiece to the planned position and preparing the implant bed at a predetermined speed according to the pre-operative implant plan, and surgeons should send instructions, monitor the robot’s operation, and perform partial interventions as needed. For example, the Remebot 77 , 78 requires surgeons to drag the robotic arm into and out of the mouth during surgery, and the robot automatically performs osteotomies or places implants according to planned positions under the surgeon’s surveillance. The autonomous dental implant robot system, Yakebot, 73 , 79 , 80 can accurately reach the implant site and complete operations such as implant bed preparation and placement during surgery.…”

“…Xu et al 77 conducted a phantom experimental study comparing the implant placement accuracy in three levels of dental implant robotics, namely passive robot (Dcarer, level 1), semi-active robot (Remebot, level 2), and active robot (Yakebot, level 2) (Fig. 7 ).…”