Accuracy and precision of a scanning and integrating microinterferometer

Goldstein, Daniel J.; Hartmann-Goldstein, I. J.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1974.tb03975.x

Cited by 27 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The principles and use of this instrument have been described by Goldstein & Hartmann-Goldstein (1974). When the instrument is operated, it produces a result which represents the integrated optical path difference (o.p.d.)…”

Section: Methods and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A difference in dry mass between the heads of X- and Y-bearing human spermatozoa

Sumner¹,

Robinson²

1976

Reproduction

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Summary. An integrating microinterferometer was used to measure the dry mass of sperm heads. The dry mass was found to be proportional to DNA content, and thus provides a useful method of estimating sperm DNA content.Using this technique we have confirmed that human spermatozoa which show none and one quinacrine-fluorescent spot are X-and Y-bearing respectively. However, the measurements suggest that many of the spermatozoa with two quinacrine-fluorescent spots are not YY-bearing, as previously thought, but might be incompletely condensed Y-bearing spermatozoa.

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Section: Methods and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A difference in dry mass between the heads of X- and Y-bearing human spermatozoa

Sumner¹,

Robinson²

1976

Reproduction

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“…The thickness of the section taken (76.5 + 6 5 nm (S.D.)) was checked by interferometry using a Vickers M86 scanning and integrating microinterferometer (Goldstein & Hartmann-Goldstein, 1974).…”

Section: Tissue Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Ultrastructural Analysis of the Effects of Accumulation of Neurofibrillary Tangle in Pyramidal Neurons of the Cerebral Cortex in Alzheimer's Disease

Sumpter

Mann

Davies

et al. 1986

Neuropathology Appl Neurobio

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Quantitative morphometric (stereological) methods have been used to assess the effects of accumulation of neurofibrillary material on the fine structure of pyramidal cells in biopsy specimens of temporal cortex from nine patients with Alzheimer's disease. When compared with non-tangled cells from the same patients, tangled cells show an increase in total area of cytoplasm due to the accumulation of tangle and a reduction in the area of the nucleus; the area proportion of the cell body occupied by total cytoplasm, therefore, increases whereas that of the nucleus decreases. Within the total cytoplasm, nucleolar and mitochondrial areas are maintained, but that of lipofuscin is increased, though all are increased when expressed as a proportion of the useful cytoplasm alone (i.e. total cytoplasmic area minus area occupied by tangle). Measures of the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes are decreased overall in tangled cells, though when related to useful cytoplasm alone such measures approach non-tangled cell values. Measures of smooth endoplasmic reticulum are unaltered throughout. When related to the amount of tangle within cells it was found that the most heavily tangled cells retain 28% of useful cytoplasm, 72% of the nuclear area, 50% of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and 27% of ribosomes present within least tangled and non-tangled cells. By contrast, mitochondrial area is maintained and that of lipofuscin increased. The capacity for protein synthesis in tangled cells appears, therefore, to be progressively decreased with accumulation of tangle, whereas that for oxidative metabolism is maintained and lysosomal activity, perhaps, increased. Neurofibrillary tangle formation and accumulation may, therefore, lead to the eventual death of neurons and be the major cause of nerve cell loss in Alzheimer's disease.

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“…If plane separation corresponds to section thickness t (or some multiple of it), various options are available for its estimation. They include Small's fold method, microinterferometry, micrometry and section re-sectioning (for a selection of methods, see Goldstein & Hartmann-Goldstein, 1974;Weibel, 1979;Gundersen et al, 1983;Braendgaard & Gundersen, 1986;Bedi, 1987;de Groot, 1988b;Evans & Howard, 1989). The need to estimate section separation can be avoided by" adopting a suitable two-step sampling design which combines application of the double disector (Braendgaard & Gundersen, 1986;Gundersen et al, 1988) with the Cavalieri principle (Gundersen & Jensen, 1987).…”

Section: Physical Disectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How to count synapses unbiasedly and efficiently at the ultrastructural level: proposal for a standard sampling and counting protocol

Mayhew

1996

J Neurocytol

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After almost 40 years, there is still no consensus on criteria for identifying different types of synapse seen in electron microscopical thin sections or on methods for counting them unbiasedly in 3D. This review proposes a procedure which meets these aims and could be adopted as a standard best-practice sampling and counting convention. It deals exclusively with unbiased stereological methods for counting particles in 3D space because these are efficient and applicable to arbitrary particles regardless of their size, shape and orientation. Methods based on individual sections are excluded because arbitrary particles cannot be counted unbiasedly with such sections. Model-based methods (e.g. treating synaptic membrane densities as circular disks) are excluded because they are not unbiased in general and now have limited (mainly historical) interest only. For unbiased counting, the absolute minimum requirement is a pair of parallel sections (dissector). The following protocol is recommended for future studies on synapse number: (1) use para(membrane) densities as synaptic counting units, (2) do not qualify definition of the counting unit by reference to a minimum number of synaptic vesicle profiles, (3) sample and count synapses unbiasedly using the dissector, and (4) in preference convert number per volume into absolute number or, in this is not possible, estimate a synapse-to-neuron ratio.

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Accuracy and precision of a scanning and integrating microinterferometer

Cited by 27 publications

References 15 publications

A difference in dry mass between the heads of X- and Y-bearing human spermatozoa

A difference in dry mass between the heads of X- and Y-bearing human spermatozoa

An Ultrastructural Analysis of the Effects of Accumulation of Neurofibrillary Tangle in Pyramidal Neurons of the Cerebral Cortex in Alzheimer's Disease

How to count synapses unbiasedly and efficiently at the ultrastructural level: proposal for a standard sampling and counting protocol

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