Accuracy and precision of no instrument is guaranteed: a reply to Rosenstock <i>et al</i>.

Iqbal, Javed; Castellano, Michael J.; Parkin, Timothy B.

doi:10.1111/gcb.12446

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Flux measurements of N 2 O and CO 2 were taken daily during the first 5 days after every residue application, every second day in week 2 and 3, every third day in week 4–6, and once a week until the next residue application or the end of the experiment (153 flux measurements in 750 days). The flux measurement protocol largely followed that of previous studies 34 47 and was in agreement with good measurement practices as formulated by Rosenstock et al 42 and Igbal et al 48 49 . Polypropylene flux chambers equipped with two rubber septa were placed on the mesocosm for approximately 30 minutes.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 57%

Reduced greenhouse gas mitigation potential of no-tillage soils through earthworm activity

Lubbers

Groenigen

Brussaard

et al. 2015

Sci Rep

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Concerns about rising greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations have spurred the promotion of no-tillage practices as a means to stimulate carbon storage and reduce CO2 emissions in agro-ecosystems. Recent research has ignited debate about the effect of earthworms on the GHG balance of soil. It is unclear how earthworms interact with soil management practices, making long-term predictions on their effect in agro-ecosystems problematic. Here we show, in a unique two-year experiment, that earthworm presence increases the combined cumulative emissions of CO2 and N2O from a simulated no-tillage (NT) system to the same level as a simulated conventional tillage (CT) system. We found no evidence for increased soil C storage in the presence of earthworms. Because NT agriculture stimulates earthworm presence, our results identify a possible biological pathway for the limited potential of no-tillage soils with respect to GHG mitigation.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 57%

Reduced greenhouse gas mitigation potential of no-tillage soils through earthworm activity

Lubbers

Groenigen

Brussaard

et al. 2015

Sci Rep

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“…Weekly and subweekly measurements were performed following N fertilizer application and rainfall events when emissions were expected to be large. At an Iowa site nearby to ours and of the same soil type, daily measurements of N 2 O emissions demonstrated few emissions when the soil temperature was <10°C (Jarecki, Parkin, Chan, Hatfield, & Jones, ) and daily N 2 O measurements at another nearby research site demonstrated that ~40% of the total annual emissions occurs during times of high flux rates that would scale to >46 kg N 2 O‐N ha −1 year −1 (Iqbal et al., ; USDA‐ARS GRACEnet database).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Extreme weather‐year sequences have nonadditive effects on environmental nitrogen losses

Iqbal

Necpálová²,

Archontoulis

et al. 2017

Global Change Biology

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The frequency and intensity of extreme weather years, characterized by abnormal precipitation and temperature, are increasing. In isolation, these years have disproportionately large effects on environmental N losses. However, the sequence of extreme weather years (e.g., wet-dry vs. dry-wet) may affect cumulative N losses.We calibrated and validated the DAYCENT ecosystem process model with a comprehensive set of biogeophysical measurements from a corn-soybean rotation managed at three N fertilizer inputs with and without a winter cover crop in Iowa, USA.Our objectives were to determine: (i) how 2-year sequences of extreme weather affect 2-year cumulative N losses across the crop rotation, and (ii) if N fertilizer management and the inclusion of a winter cover crop between corn and soybean mitigate the effect of extreme weather on N losses. Using historical weather (1951-2013), we created nine 2-year scenarios with all possible combinations of the driest ("dry"), wettest ("wet"), and average ("normal") weather years. We analyzed the effects of these scenarios following several consecutive years of relatively normal weather. Compared with the normal-normal 2-year weather scenario, 2-year extreme weather scenarios affected 2-year cumulative NO 3 À leaching (range: À93 to +290%) more than N 2 O emissions (range: À49 to +18%). The 2-year weather scenarios had nonadditive effects on N losses: compared with the normal-normal scenario, the dry-wet sequence decreased 2-year cumulative N 2 O emissions while the wet-dry sequence increased 2-year cumulative N 2 O emissions. Although dry weather decreased NO 3 À leaching and N 2 O emissions in isolation, 2-year cumulative N losses from the wet-dry scenario were greater than the dry-wet scenario. Cover crops reduced the effects of extreme weather on NO 3 À leaching but had a lesser effect on N 2 O emissions. As the frequency of extreme weather is expected to increase, these data suggest that the sequence of interannual weather patterns can be used to develop short-term mitigation strategies that manipulate N fertilizer and crop rotation to maximize crop N uptake while reducing environmental N losses. K E Y W O R D Sclimate change, crop phase, crop system, extreme precipitation, nitrate, nitrous oxide

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“…A tree's age, genotype, functional traits, and mechanisms of acclimation (64,66,67) are all important determinants of growth responses to drought, which can decouple the relationship between RWI and mortality. Importantly, our predictions of vulnerability might understate the risk of mortality at dry-range edges if there are thresholds in the relationship between tree growth and mortality (68). For example, trees likely require a minimum amount of growth to survive (68); therefore, the same percentage growth decline could be more harmful for slow-growing trees located at their dry-range edge than for trees growing in mesic areas (10).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Importantly, our predictions of vulnerability might understate the risk of mortality at dry-range edges if there are thresholds in the relationship between tree growth and mortality (68). For example, trees likely require a minimum amount of growth to survive (68); therefore, the same percentage growth decline could be more harmful for slow-growing trees located at their dry-range edge than for trees growing in mesic areas (10). Future research that characterizes these nonlinear responses to drought could improve predictions of climate impacts (42,43).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drought sensitivity in mesic forests heightens their vulnerability to climate change

Heilmayr,

Dudney,

Moore

2023

Science

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Climate change is shifting the structure and function of global forests, underscoring the critical need to predict which forests are most vulnerable to a hotter and drier future. We analyzed 6.6 million tree rings from 122 species to assess trees’ sensitivity to water and energy availability. We found that trees growing in wetter portions of their range exhibit the greatest drought sensitivity. To test how these patterns of drought sensitivity influence vulnerability to climate change, we predicted tree growth through 2100. Our results suggest that drought adaptations in arid regions will partially buffer trees against climate change. By contrast, trees growing in the wetter, hotter portions of their climatic range may experience unexpectedly large adverse impacts under climate change.

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Accuracy and precision of no instrument is guaranteed: a reply to Rosenstock et al.

Abstract: Global Change Biology5463-5469. Zhao Y, Pan Y, Rutherford J, Mitloehner FM (2012) Estimation of the interference in multi-gas measurements using infrared photoacoustic analyzers. Atmosphere, 3, 246-265.

Cited by 5 publications

References 7 publications

Reduced greenhouse gas mitigation potential of no-tillage soils through earthworm activity

Reduced greenhouse gas mitigation potential of no-tillage soils through earthworm activity

Extreme weather‐year sequences have nonadditive effects on environmental nitrogen losses

Drought sensitivity in mesic forests heightens their vulnerability to climate change

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