Accuracy Evaluation of Carotid-Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity Estimated by Smart Terminal Watch

Abstract

To evaluate the accuracy of the smartwatch in estimating carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV). A cohort of gender-matched volunteers aged 18–80 years were recruited. At the sitting and supine positions, cfPWV was measured alternately by smartwatch and CompliorAnalyse, for each participant, and nine sets of data were collected from each participant with a 60 s interval between measurements. The accuracy of cfPWV measurement for smartwatches was assessed using mean error (ME) and mean absolute error (MAE), while the consistency of the two methods was assessed using the Bland-Altman analysis and concordance class correlation. A total of 347 participants were enrolled. The mean cfPWV was 9.01 ± 2.29 m/s measured by CompliorAnalyse and 9.06 ± 1.94 m/s by smartwatch. The consistency correlation coefficient (CCC) was 0.9045 (95% CI 0.8853–0.9206), the ME was 0.046 ± 0.92, and the MAE was 0.66 (95% CI 0.59–0.73). Bland-Altman analysis showed that the error of 95% samples was in the range between −1.77 m/s and 1.86 m/s. The Kappa value of cfPWV greater than 10 m/s was 0.79, the area under the ROC curve was 0.97 (P < 0.001), sensitivity was 0.90, specificity was 0.93, positive predictive value was 0.83 and negative predictive value was 0.96. Smartwatch can accurately estimate cfPWV to evaluate arterial stiffness. This method is simple and feasible and is suitable for people to actively and early monitor vascular elasticity.

Arterial stiffness assessment by pulse wave velocity in postmenopausal women: comparison between noninvasive devices

“…These results were contrary to our initial expectations and the available evidence. Sun and colleagues 14 assessed the accuracy of the HUAWEI GT 2 Pro smartwatch (the prior version of HUAWEI GT 3 Pro smartwatch) in 347 adults aged 18 to 80 years, comparing its measurements against cfPWV obtained from the Complior technology, which provide similar results as the SphygmoCor 7 . The results from Sun and colleagues 14 revealed a mean cfPWV of 9.01 ± 2.29 m/s measured by Complior and 9.06 ± 1.94 m/s measured by the smartwatch, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.92.…”

“…Sun and colleagues 14 assessed the accuracy of the HUAWEI GT 2 Pro smartwatch (the prior version of HUAWEI GT 3 Pro smartwatch) in 347 adults aged 18 to 80 years, comparing its measurements against cfPWV obtained from the Complior technology, which provide similar results as the SphygmoCor 7 . The results from Sun and colleagues 14 revealed a mean cfPWV of 9.01 ± 2.29 m/s measured by Complior and 9.06 ± 1.94 m/s measured by the smartwatch, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.92. Conversely, in our study, the correlation was 0.219 ( P = 0.316), and the mean values were 8.43 ± 1.05 m/s for the cfPWV and 6.88 ± 0.29 m/s for the smartwatch.…”

“…The previous version of this wearable (GT 2 Pro ECG, China) also provided cfPWV, and its validity was shown in one study based on a Chinese sample. 14 Nonetheless, studies looking at the validity of cfPWV indexes provided by this wearable against the SphygmoCor in other populations are needed.…”

“…Regarding AS indexes, the HUAWEI smartwatch (GT 3 Pro, China) enables users to get an estimate of cfPWV based on ECG and photoplethysmography technology on the wrist and finger (wfPWV). The previous version of this wearable (GT 2 Pro ECG, China) also provided cfPWV, and its validity was shown in one study based on a Chinese sample 14 . Nonetheless, studies looking at the validity of cfPWV indexes provided by this wearable against the SphygmoCor in other populations are needed.…”

Remote physiological monitoring of neck blood vessels

“…Contact PPG (cPPG) utilizing photodiode sensors has also been used for local carotid artery PWV measurement 18 and average PWV measurement using the golden standard method 19 or between heart and finger 20 . Despite the convivence and easy use of cPPG, the signal collected from cPPG is based on a single pixel that reflects the blood volume change in tissue 21,22 , which can have significant variations from point to point.…”