Accuracy of 3D Landscape Reconstruction without Ground Control Points Using Different UAS Platforms

Kalácska, Margaret; Lucanus, Oliver; Arroyo‐Mora, J. Pablo; Laliberté, Étienne; Elmer, Kathryn; Leblanc, George; Groves, Ashley M.

doi:10.3390/drones4020013

Cited by 53 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Therefore, the aim and novelty of this research is to evaluate the results achievable with the DJI-P4RTK drone and an Agisoft Metashape data processing in the field of building and façade modeling, instead of land mapping, like Forlani et al [32], Kalacska et al [38], Barba et al [39], and Štroner et al [37], through a rigorous set up of the assessment test. In this work, we designed the image acquisition acquiring also oblique images in order to avoid issues that are related to the estimation of a wrong focal length [32,33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quality Assessment of Photogrammetric Models for Façade and Building Reconstruction Using DJI Phantom 4 RTK

et al. 2020

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Aerial photogrammetry by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is a widespread method to perform mapping tasks with high-resolution to reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) building and façade models. However, the survey of Ground Control Points (GCPs) represents a time-consuming task, while the use of Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) drones allows for one to collect camera locations with an accuracy of a few centimeters. DJI Phantom 4 RTK (DJI-P4RTK) combines this with the possibility to acquire oblique images in stationary conditions and it currently represents a versatile drone widely used from professional users together with commercial Structure-from-Motion software, such as Agisoft Metashape. In this work, we analyze the architectural application of this drone to the photogrammetric modeling of a building with particular regard to metric survey specifications for cultural heritage for 1:20, 1:50, 1:100, and 1:200 scales. In particular, we designed an accuracy assessment test signalizing 109 points, surveying them with total station and adjusting the measurements through a network approach in order to achieve millimeter-level accuracy. Image datasets with a designed Ground Sample Distance (GSD) of 2 mm were acquired in Network RTK (NRTK) and RTK modes in manual piloting and processed both as single façades (S–F) and as an overall block (4–F). Subsequently, we compared the results of photogrammetric models generated in Agisoft Metashape to the Signalized Point (SP) coordinates. The results highlight the importance of processing an overall photogrammetric block, especially whenever part of camera locations exhibited a poorer accuracy due to multipath effects. No significant differences were found between the results of network real-time kinematic (NRTK) and real-time kinematic (RTK) datasets. Horizontal residuals were generally comparable to GNSS accuracy in NRTK/RTK mode, while vertical residuals were found to be affected by an offset of about 5 cm. We introduced an external GCP or used one SP per façade as GCP, assuming a poorer camera location accuracy at the same time, in order to fix this issue and comply with metric survey specifications for the widest architectural scale range. Finally, both S–F and 4–F projects satisfied the metric survey requirements of a scale of 1:50 in at least one of the approaches tested.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quality Assessment of Photogrammetric Models for Façade and Building Reconstruction Using DJI Phantom 4 RTK

et al. 2020

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“…The DSMs used to geometrically correct the µCASI-1920 data were generated by using a Structure-from-Motion Multiview Stereo (SfM-MVS) workflow from RGB photography (Kalacska et al, 2017;Kalacska et al, 2020). In this workflow (Lucanus and Kalacska, 2020) geo-tagged aerial photographs were collected on June 6th, 2019 (for MBP) and May 11th, 2019 (for CGOP) over the area covered by the µCASI-1920 imagery, with a Canon EOS 5D Mark III equipped with a Canon EF 24-70 mm f/2.8 L II USM lens set to a focal length of 24 mm.…”

Section: Digital Surface Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Directly-Georeferenced Hyperspectral Point Cloud: Preserving the Integrity of Hyperspectral Imaging Data

Inamdar

Kalácska

Arroyo‐Mora

et al. 2021

Front. Remote Sens.

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The raster data model has been the standard format for hyperspectral imaging (HSI) over the last four decades. Unfortunately, it misrepresents HSI data because pixels are not natively square nor uniformly distributed across imaged scenes. To generate end products as rasters with square pixels while preserving spectral data integrity, the nearest neighbor resampling methodology is typically applied. This process compromises spatial data integrity as the pixels from the original HSI data are shifted, duplicated and eliminated so that HSI data can conform to the raster data model structure. Our study presents a novel hyperspectral point cloud data representation that preserves the spatial-spectral integrity of HSI data more effectively than conventional square pixel rasters. This Directly-Georeferenced Hyperspectral Point Cloud (DHPC) is generated through a data fusion workflow that can be readily implemented into existing processing workflows used by HSI data providers. The effectiveness of the DHPC over conventional square pixel rasters is shown with four HSI datasets. These datasets were collected at three different sites with two different sensors that captured the spectral information from each site at various spatial resolutions (ranging from ∼1.5 cm to 2.6 m). The DHPC was assessed based on three data quality metrics (i.e., pixel loss, pixel duplication and pixel shifting), data storage requirements and various HSI applications. All of the studied raster data products were characterized by either substantial pixel loss (∼50–75%) or pixel duplication (∼35–75%), depending on the resolution of the resampling grid used in the nearest neighbor methodology. Pixel shifting in the raster end products ranged from 0.33 to 1.95 pixels. The DHPC was characterized by zero pixel loss, pixel duplication and pixel shifting. Despite containing additional surface elevation data, the DHPC was up to 13 times smaller in file size than the corresponding rasters. Furthermore, the DHPC consistently outperformed the rasters in all of the tested applications which included classification, spectra geo-location and target detection. Based on the findings from this work, the developed DHPC data representation has the potential to push the limits of HSI data distribution, analysis and application.

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“…We obtained point clouds with and without using GCPs in their construction, for assessing their quality. Although GCPs provide more accurate products [44], the differences were negligible, so we decided to use only the models without GCPs in our evaluations, like in the Málaga study, where no GCPs were collected since the area was relatively small. Figure 13 exemplifies the point cloud obtained.…”

Section: Dbh Estimations-bulgaria Study Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Influence of Survey Design and Processing Choices on the Accuracy of Tree Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) Measurements Using UAV-Based Photogrammetry

Moreira

Goyanes

Pina

et al. 2021

Drones

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This work provides a systematic evaluation of how survey design and computer processing choices (such as the software used or the workflow/parameters chosen) influence unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based photogrammetry retrieval of tree diameter at breast height (DBH), an important 3D structural parameter in forest inventory and biomass estimation. The study areas were an agricultural field located in the province of Málaga, Spain, where a small group of olive trees was chosen for the UAV surveys, and an open woodland area in the outskirts of Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria, where a 10 ha area grove, composed mainly of birch trees, was overflown. A DJI Phantom 4 Pro quadcopter UAV was used for the image acquisition. We applied structure from motion (SfM) to generate 3D point clouds of individual trees, using Agisoft and Pix4D software packages. The estimation of DBH in the point clouds was made using a RANSAC-based circle fitting tool from the TreeLS R package. All trees modeled had their DBH tape-measured on the ground for accuracy assessment. In the first study site, we executed many diversely designed flights, to identify which parameters (flying altitude, camera tilt, and processing method) gave us the most accurate DBH estimations; then, the resulting best settings configuration was used to assess the replicability of the method in the forested area in Bulgaria. The best configuration tested (flight altitudes of about 25 m above tree canopies, camera tilt 60°, forward and side overlaps of 90%, Agisoft ultrahigh processing) resulted in root mean square errors (RMSEs; %) of below 5% of the tree diameters in the first site and below 12.5% in the forested area. We demonstrate that, when carefully designed methodologies are used, SfM can measure the DBH of single trees with very good accuracy, and to our knowledge, the results presented here are the best achieved so far using (above-canopy) UAV-based photogrammetry.

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Accuracy of 3D Landscape Reconstruction without Ground Control Points Using Different UAS Platforms

Cited by 53 publications

References 71 publications

Quality Assessment of Photogrammetric Models for Façade and Building Reconstruction Using DJI Phantom 4 RTK

Quality Assessment of Photogrammetric Models for Façade and Building Reconstruction Using DJI Phantom 4 RTK

The Directly-Georeferenced Hyperspectral Point Cloud: Preserving the Integrity of Hyperspectral Imaging Data

Assessment of the Influence of Survey Design and Processing Choices on the Accuracy of Tree Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) Measurements Using UAV-Based Photogrammetry

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