Accuracy of FDM PLA Polymer 3D Printing Technology Based on Tolerance Fields

Grgić, Ivan; Karakašić, Mirko; Glavaš, Hrvoje; Konjatić, Pejo

doi:10.3390/pr11102810

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…An increase in temperature causes a decrease in the strength of the melt and a decrease in the viscosity of the mortar. According to previous sources [ 30 ], with the decrease in viscosity, the outflow from the nozzle increases, and this factor has an effect on the quality of printing. In addition, with the increase in temperature, the strength of the layers increases and a higher printing speed can be used.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Direct Pellet Three-Dimensional Printing of Polybutylene Adipate-co-Terephthalate for a Greener Future

Karimi,

Rahmatabadi,

Baghani

2024

Polymers

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The widespread use of conventional plastics in various industries has resulted in increased oil consumption and environmental pollution. To address these issues, a combination of plastic recycling and the use of biodegradable plastics is essential. Among biodegradable polymers, poly butylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT) has attracted significant attention due to its favorable mechanical properties and biodegradability. In this study, we investigated the potential of using PBAT for direct pellet printing, eliminating the need for filament conversion. To determine the optimal printing temperature, three sets of tensile specimens were 3D-printed at varying nozzle temperatures, and their mechanical properties and microstructure were analyzed. Additionally, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) was conducted to evaluate the thermal behavior of the printed PBAT. Furthermore, we designed and printed two structures with different infill percentages (40% and 60%) to assess their compressive strength and energy absorption properties. DMTA revealed that PBAT’s glass–rubber transition temperature is approximately −25 °C. Our findings demonstrate that increasing the nozzle temperature enhances the mechanical properties of PBAT. Notably, the highest nozzle temperature of 200 °C yielded remarkable results, with an elongation of 1379% and a tensile strength of 7.5 MPa. Moreover, specimens with a 60% infill density exhibited superior compressive strength (1338 KPa) and energy absorption compared with those with 40% infill density (1306 KPa). The SEM images showed that with an increase in the nozzle temperature, the quality of the print was greatly improved, and it was difficult to find microholes or even a layered structure for the sample printed at 200 °C.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conversely, a negative value decreases the outside dimensions if the printed model exceeds the anticipated size. The EP parameter serves as a means to fine-tune the printed parts and maintain the desired dimensional accuracy [ 30 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Pellet Three-Dimensional Printing of Polybutylene Adipate-co-Terephthalate for a Greener Future

Karimi,

Rahmatabadi,

Baghani

2024

Polymers

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“…According to [ 28 ], one of the main disadvantages of FFF/FDM prototyping techniques is their low dimensional accuracy. This issue affects the structure in various ways and at different times.…”

Section: Practical Development Of the Dronementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the first of these, Figure 11 shows the printing process of the base part, both during the process where the internal structure of this part can be observed and after the process has been completed. According to [28], one of the main disadvantages of FFF/FDM prototyping techniques is their low dimensional accuracy. This issue affects the structure in various ways and at different times.…”

Section: The Prototyping and Assembly Of The Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Study of a 3D Printing Strategy for Polymer-Based Parts for Drone Equipment Using Bladeless Technology

Popișter,

Goia,

Ciudin

et al. 2024

Polymers

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The present study focuses on an up-to-date topic regarding flying equipment identified within the category of drones that use, for propulsion and air movements, the power generated by electric motors. In this paper, researchers focus on implementing bladeless technology to calculate, develop, and construct flying equipment known in the literature as drones. The entire structure of the prototype, all the needed parts, is to be obtained using additive manufacturing technologies, which assumes practical realization using 3D-printing equipment. Nowadays, the 3D-printing process has been proven to be a reliable solution when it comes to manufacturing complex shape parts in quite a short time and with reduced costs. The practical study within the present research aims to obtain polymer-based, lightweight parts with complex shapes inside to be implemented in the propulsion of a drone. The complex surface geometry of the parts that this research used is influenced by the ventilation technology offered by the “Air Multiplier” technology. The entire structure of the final drone equipment, all the parts, is to be manufactured using fused filament fabrication (FFF). The main purpose of the fusion is to use the advantages offered by this technology in drones to obtain advantages such as augmented values of thrust, a more agreeable and muffled sound signature, or an increased level of safety.

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“…On further analysis of the experimental data, when only the nozzle diameters of 0.4 mm, 0.6 mm and 0.8 mm were varied and the other factors were kept constant (same material, same sample thickness and same internal configuration), it was concluded that about 80% of the maximum absorption coefficient values were obtained with the 0.4 mm nozzle diameter and 20% of the maximum values were obtained for the 0.6 mm nozzle diameter. Thus, it can be stated that another important aspect regarding the FFF process was the correct choice of the deposition layer height (0.2 mm), which is recommended to not exceed the print nozzle diameter (0.4 mm) in order to obtain good mechanical and acoustic performance [49][50][51]. Figure 5 plots the influence of the sound transmission loss (STL) as a function of the 3D-printed sample.…”

Section: Influence Of Nozzle Diameter On Acoustic Performance Of 3d-p...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation into the Acoustic Properties of Polylactic Acid Sound-Absorbing Panels Manufactured by 3D Printing Technology: The Influence of Nozzle Diameters and Internal Configurations

Matei,

Pop,

Zaharia

et al. 2024

Materials

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Sound-absorbing panels are widely used in the acoustic design of aircraft parts, buildings and vehicles as well as in sound insulation and absorption in areas with heavy traffic. This paper studied the acoustic properties of sound-absorbing panels manufactured with three nozzle diameters (0.4 mm, 0.6 mm and 0.8 mm) by 3D printing from three types of polylactic acid filaments (Grey Tough PLA; Black PLA Pro; Natural PLA) and with six internal configurations with labyrinthine zigzag channels (Z1 and Z2). The absorption coefficient of the sample with the Z2 pattern, a 5.33 mm height, a 0.6 mm nozzle diameter and with Black PLA Pro showed the maximum value (α = 0.93) for the nozzle diameter of 0.6 mm. Next in position were the three samples with the Z1 pattern (4 mm height) made from all three materials used and printed with a nozzle diameter of 0.4 mm with a sound absorption coefficient value (α = 0.91) at 500 Hz. The highest value of the sound transmission loss (56 dB) was found for the sample printed with a nozzle size of 0.8 mm with the Z2 pattern (8 mm height) and with Black PLA Pro. The extruded material, the nozzle diameter and the internal configuration had a significant impact on the acoustic performance of the 3D-printed samples.

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Accuracy of FDM PLA Polymer 3D Printing Technology Based on Tolerance Fields

Cited by 7 publications

References 17 publications

Direct Pellet Three-Dimensional Printing of Polybutylene Adipate-co-Terephthalate for a Greener Future

Direct Pellet Three-Dimensional Printing of Polybutylene Adipate-co-Terephthalate for a Greener Future

Experimental Study of a 3D Printing Strategy for Polymer-Based Parts for Drone Equipment Using Bladeless Technology

Investigation into the Acoustic Properties of Polylactic Acid Sound-Absorbing Panels Manufactured by 3D Printing Technology: The Influence of Nozzle Diameters and Internal Configurations

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