Accuracy of upper respiratory tract samples to diagnose Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Oral swabs with a rapid molecular diagnostic test for pulmonary tuberculosis in adults and children: a systematic review

“…A recent study meta-analysed several of the studies included in this review, and showed a summary sensitivity of 58·5% and specificity of 85·6% for oral swabs in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. 25 However, the sources of heterogeneity we identified were not investigated as part of that analysis.…”

Pediatric Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: The Current and Future Prospects for Management and Prevention

“…Like induced sputum, this method can be performed in an ambulatory setting. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF on NPA reported by a systematic review and meta-analysis were 65.2% and 97.9%, respectively compared with a reference standard using either the specimens of sputum or gastric lavage [15].…”

“…This catheter has either a mucus trap or a suctioning device. Some children may find the procedure unpleasant [15]. Like induced sputum, this method can be performed in an ambulatory setting.…”

“…In this study, the sensitivity was calculated as the number of children with positive test results from the candidate index combination divided by the number of children with positive test results on Xpert MTB/RIF assay/culture for at least one primary study specimen [25]. Novel and less invasive upper respiratory samples like oral and laryngeal swabs hold promise for further investigations of alternative methods for sampling in children [15].…”