“…At present, there are three main test methods to evaluate the prediction results: the re-substitution test, the Jackknife test and the k-fold cross-validation test (Zhang et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2021b;Deng et al, 2021;Liu et al, 2021;Tabaie et al, 2021;Ao et al, 2022a;Dai et al, 2022;Dao et al, 2022;Jin et al, 2022;Wei et al, 2022;Xiao et al, 2022;Zhou et al, 2022). Chou and Zhang have discussed in depth the classification performance estimation in bioinformatics and found the Jackknife test and k-fold cross-validation test have extrapolation ability in statistics (Malik et al, 2021;Hasan et al, 2022).…”