Accurate Low Complex Modulation Format and Symbol Rate Identification for Autonomous Lightpath Operation
Abstract: Network automation promises to reduce costs while guaranteeing the required performance; this is paramount when dealing with the forecasted highly dynamic traffic that will be generated by new 5G/6G applications. In optical networks, autonomous lightpath operation entails that the optical receiver can identify the configuration of a received optical signal without necessarily being configured from the network controller. This provides relief for the network controller from real-time operation, and it can simpl… Show more
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(English) Optical communication systems are widely adopted and responsible for transporting data traffic from access to metro to core networks supporting society’s information and communication functions. As the traffic growth is increasing more innovative and efficient optical networking solutions other than the existing ones are needed to provide the industry with long-term sustainable profits. Also, with the advent of quantum computers these networks are vulnerable to a variety of security threats. Thus, either additional means of making the networks secure are needed or quantum aided transportation of data signal is required. Considering the challenges of efficiency and security aspects of current optical networks, this PhD thesis aims to provide techniques for efficient and secure optical networks. The current data traffic pattern in different segments of the optical networks can be a key factor to make the architecture more efficient. These traffic patterns are usually served by deploying point-to-point (P2P) connections which might not be the most cost-effective solution in certain segments like access and metro aggregation. This PhD thesis studies technologies supporting point-to-multipoint (P2MP) connections to serve dynamic and heterogenous data traffic flows. A well-known technology known as Digital Subcarrier Multiplexing to implement P2MP connection is used as a benchmark to evaluate the performance of a novel technology called Optical Constellation Slicing, to cater the same dynamic and heterogenous traffic requirements. For a dynamic profile these two technologies are compared against the traditional technology supporting P2P. The analysis in terms of cost, efficiency of data throughput and architecture simplicity is provided all along. The potential of P2MP connections is demonstrated. To make the optical networks secure, the studies are carried out in two dimensions. Firstly, the vulnerability of the physical layer is targeted. To make the overall network more secure, methods for physical layer cryptography are studied. Secondly, quantum communication technology is investigated because it is inherently secured by the laws of quantum mechanics. For physical layer security, we propose LPsec (lightpath security) where we target providing a complete solution of security from key exchange methods at physical layer to investigate cryptographic techniques that can support encryption at line speed. LPsec tends to be secure according to current standard and introduces negligible delay in data transmission. Although quantum communication is inherently secure, it faces different challenges. We explore two such challenges in presence of no-cloning theorem i) qubit retransmission and ii) P2MP quantum communication (QP2MP). As qubits are prone to a variety of sources of noise, qubit retransmission can enhance the successfully transmission of qubits from source to destination. Similarly, QP2MP can enable multiparty quantum communication which is far less explored in discrete variable quantum systems. For these two tasks, we consider creating imperfect clones through Universal Quantum Cloning Machine. We propose a novel protocol Quantum Automatic Repeat Request (QARQ) inspired by its classical equivalent. We have shown than that QARQ can significantly increase the successful recovery of qubits. QP2MP communication is examined for direct transmission (DT)-which is currently implementable considering hardware availability, teleportation (TP)-which is the future of quantum internet, and telecloning (TC)-which is the combination of cloning and TP. In presence of different types of decoherences it has been shown that TC provides the best quality of the qubit state but it the most complex protocol in terms of quantum cost. After studying challenges in qubit transmission, we presented QQPSK, a quantum way to perform Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK). QQPSK makes classical data inhenrently secured. (Español) La comunicación óptica está muy extendida y se encarga de transportar el tráfico de datos desde las redes de acceso a las metropolitanas hasta las centrales. Dado que el crecimiento del tráfico es cada vez mayor, se necesitan soluciones de redes ópticas más innovadoras y eficientes que las actuales para proporcionar al sector beneficios sostenibles a largo plazo. Además, con la llegada de los ordenadores cuánticos, estas redes son vulnerables a diversas amenazas a la seguridad y, o bien se necesitan medios adicionales para hacerlas seguras, o bien se requiere un transporte de la señal de datos asistido por la tecnología cuántica. Teniendo en cuenta los retos que plantean los aspectos de eficiencia y seguridad de las redes ópticas actuales, esta tesis doctoral pretende proporcionar técnicas para conseguir redes ópticas eficientes y seguras. El actual patrón de tráfico de datos en los diferentes segmentos de las redes ópticas puede ser un factor clave para hacer la arquitectura más eficiente. Estos patrones de tráfico suelen atenderse mediante el despliegue de conexiones punto a punto (P2P), que pueden no ser la solución más rentable en determinados segmentos como el acceso y la agregación metro. Esta tesis doctoral estudia tecnologías que soportan conexiones punto a multipunto (P2MP) para dar servicio a flujos de tráfico de datos dinámicos y variados. Se utiliza como referencia una tecnología bien conocida, Digital Subcarrier Multiplexing, para implementar conexiones P2MP, y se introduce una tecnología novedosa, Optical Constellation Slicing, para satisfacer los mismos requisitos. Para un perfil dinámico, estas dos tecnologías se comparan con la tecnología tradicional que soporta P2P. En todo momento se analiza el coste, la eficiencia del caudal de datos y la simplicidad de la arquitectura. Se demuestra el potencial de las conexiones P2MP. Para que las redes ópticas sean seguras, los estudios se realizan en dos dimensiones. En primer lugar, se aborda la vulnerabilidad de la capa física. Para que la red en su conjunto sea más segura, se estudian métodos de criptografía de la capa física. En segundo lugar, se investiga la comunicación cuántica porque está intrínsecamente asegurada por las leyes de la mecánica cuántica. Para la seguridad de la capa física, proponemos LPsec (lightpath security), cuyo objetivo es proporcionar una solución completa de seguridad a partir de métodos de intercambio de claves en la capa física. LPsec tiende a ser seguro según el estándar actual e introduce un retardo insignificante en la transmisión de datos. Aunque la comunicación cuántica es intrínsecamente segura, se enfrenta a diferentes retos. Exploramos dos de estos retos en presencia del teorema de no clonación i) la retransmisión de qubits y ii) la comunicación cuántica P2MP (QP2MP). Como los qubits son propensos a diversas fuentes de ruido, la retransmisión de qubits puede mejorar el éxito de la transmisión de qubits del origen al destino. Del mismo modo, QP2MP puede permitir puertas a la comunicación cuántica multipartita, que está mucho menos explorada en los sistemas cuánticos de variables discretas. Para estas dos tareas, consideramos la creación de clones imperfectos a través de la Máquina Universal de Clonación Cuántica. Proponemos un novedoso protocolo Quantum Automatic Repeat Request (QARQ) inspirado en su equivalente clásico. Hemos demostrado que QARQ puede aumentar significativamente la recuperación exitosa de qubits. Se examina la comunicación QP2MP para la transmisión directa, el teletransporte y el telecloning. También se presenta una forma cuántica de realizar la codificación por desplazamiento de fase en cuadratura (QPSK), que denominamos Q2PSK. La transmisión actual se basa en datos y canales clásicos, que no son intrínsecamente seguros. Q2PSK proporciona un medio de comunicación que puede hacer que el transporte clásico de datos sea intrínsecamente seguro.
(English) Optical communication systems are widely adopted and responsible for transporting data traffic from access to metro to core networks supporting society’s information and communication functions. As the traffic growth is increasing more innovative and efficient optical networking solutions other than the existing ones are needed to provide the industry with long-term sustainable profits. Also, with the advent of quantum computers these networks are vulnerable to a variety of security threats. Thus, either additional means of making the networks secure are needed or quantum aided transportation of data signal is required. Considering the challenges of efficiency and security aspects of current optical networks, this PhD thesis aims to provide techniques for efficient and secure optical networks. The current data traffic pattern in different segments of the optical networks can be a key factor to make the architecture more efficient. These traffic patterns are usually served by deploying point-to-point (P2P) connections which might not be the most cost-effective solution in certain segments like access and metro aggregation. This PhD thesis studies technologies supporting point-to-multipoint (P2MP) connections to serve dynamic and heterogenous data traffic flows. A well-known technology known as Digital Subcarrier Multiplexing to implement P2MP connection is used as a benchmark to evaluate the performance of a novel technology called Optical Constellation Slicing, to cater the same dynamic and heterogenous traffic requirements. For a dynamic profile these two technologies are compared against the traditional technology supporting P2P. The analysis in terms of cost, efficiency of data throughput and architecture simplicity is provided all along. The potential of P2MP connections is demonstrated. To make the optical networks secure, the studies are carried out in two dimensions. Firstly, the vulnerability of the physical layer is targeted. To make the overall network more secure, methods for physical layer cryptography are studied. Secondly, quantum communication technology is investigated because it is inherently secured by the laws of quantum mechanics. For physical layer security, we propose LPsec (lightpath security) where we target providing a complete solution of security from key exchange methods at physical layer to investigate cryptographic techniques that can support encryption at line speed. LPsec tends to be secure according to current standard and introduces negligible delay in data transmission. Although quantum communication is inherently secure, it faces different challenges. We explore two such challenges in presence of no-cloning theorem i) qubit retransmission and ii) P2MP quantum communication (QP2MP). As qubits are prone to a variety of sources of noise, qubit retransmission can enhance the successfully transmission of qubits from source to destination. Similarly, QP2MP can enable multiparty quantum communication which is far less explored in discrete variable quantum systems. For these two tasks, we consider creating imperfect clones through Universal Quantum Cloning Machine. We propose a novel protocol Quantum Automatic Repeat Request (QARQ) inspired by its classical equivalent. We have shown than that QARQ can significantly increase the successful recovery of qubits. QP2MP communication is examined for direct transmission (DT)-which is currently implementable considering hardware availability, teleportation (TP)-which is the future of quantum internet, and telecloning (TC)-which is the combination of cloning and TP. In presence of different types of decoherences it has been shown that TC provides the best quality of the qubit state but it the most complex protocol in terms of quantum cost. After studying challenges in qubit transmission, we presented QQPSK, a quantum way to perform Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK). QQPSK makes classical data inhenrently secured. (Español) La comunicación óptica está muy extendida y se encarga de transportar el tráfico de datos desde las redes de acceso a las metropolitanas hasta las centrales. Dado que el crecimiento del tráfico es cada vez mayor, se necesitan soluciones de redes ópticas más innovadoras y eficientes que las actuales para proporcionar al sector beneficios sostenibles a largo plazo. Además, con la llegada de los ordenadores cuánticos, estas redes son vulnerables a diversas amenazas a la seguridad y, o bien se necesitan medios adicionales para hacerlas seguras, o bien se requiere un transporte de la señal de datos asistido por la tecnología cuántica. Teniendo en cuenta los retos que plantean los aspectos de eficiencia y seguridad de las redes ópticas actuales, esta tesis doctoral pretende proporcionar técnicas para conseguir redes ópticas eficientes y seguras. El actual patrón de tráfico de datos en los diferentes segmentos de las redes ópticas puede ser un factor clave para hacer la arquitectura más eficiente. Estos patrones de tráfico suelen atenderse mediante el despliegue de conexiones punto a punto (P2P), que pueden no ser la solución más rentable en determinados segmentos como el acceso y la agregación metro. Esta tesis doctoral estudia tecnologías que soportan conexiones punto a multipunto (P2MP) para dar servicio a flujos de tráfico de datos dinámicos y variados. Se utiliza como referencia una tecnología bien conocida, Digital Subcarrier Multiplexing, para implementar conexiones P2MP, y se introduce una tecnología novedosa, Optical Constellation Slicing, para satisfacer los mismos requisitos. Para un perfil dinámico, estas dos tecnologías se comparan con la tecnología tradicional que soporta P2P. En todo momento se analiza el coste, la eficiencia del caudal de datos y la simplicidad de la arquitectura. Se demuestra el potencial de las conexiones P2MP. Para que las redes ópticas sean seguras, los estudios se realizan en dos dimensiones. En primer lugar, se aborda la vulnerabilidad de la capa física. Para que la red en su conjunto sea más segura, se estudian métodos de criptografía de la capa física. En segundo lugar, se investiga la comunicación cuántica porque está intrínsecamente asegurada por las leyes de la mecánica cuántica. Para la seguridad de la capa física, proponemos LPsec (lightpath security), cuyo objetivo es proporcionar una solución completa de seguridad a partir de métodos de intercambio de claves en la capa física. LPsec tiende a ser seguro según el estándar actual e introduce un retardo insignificante en la transmisión de datos. Aunque la comunicación cuántica es intrínsecamente segura, se enfrenta a diferentes retos. Exploramos dos de estos retos en presencia del teorema de no clonación i) la retransmisión de qubits y ii) la comunicación cuántica P2MP (QP2MP). Como los qubits son propensos a diversas fuentes de ruido, la retransmisión de qubits puede mejorar el éxito de la transmisión de qubits del origen al destino. Del mismo modo, QP2MP puede permitir puertas a la comunicación cuántica multipartita, que está mucho menos explorada en los sistemas cuánticos de variables discretas. Para estas dos tareas, consideramos la creación de clones imperfectos a través de la Máquina Universal de Clonación Cuántica. Proponemos un novedoso protocolo Quantum Automatic Repeat Request (QARQ) inspirado en su equivalente clásico. Hemos demostrado que QARQ puede aumentar significativamente la recuperación exitosa de qubits. Se examina la comunicación QP2MP para la transmisión directa, el teletransporte y el telecloning. También se presenta una forma cuántica de realizar la codificación por desplazamiento de fase en cuadratura (QPSK), que denominamos Q2PSK. La transmisión actual se basa en datos y canales clásicos, que no son intrínsecamente seguros. Q2PSK proporciona un medio de comunicación que puede hacer que el transporte clásico de datos sea intrínsecamente seguro.
New 5 G and beyond services demand innovative solutions in optical transport to increase efficiency and flexibility and reduce capital (CAPEX) and operational (OPEX) expenditures to support heterogeneous and dynamic traffic. In this context, optical point-to-multipoint (P2MP) connectivity is seen as an alternative to provide connectivity to multiple sites from a single source, thus potentially both reducing CAPEX and OPEX. Digital subcarrier multiplexing (DSCM) has been shown as a feasible candidate for optical P2MP in view of its ability to generate multiple subcarriers (SC) in the frequency domain that can be used to serve several destinations. This paper proposes a different technology, named optical constellation slicing (OCS), that enables a source to communicate with multiple destinations by focusing on the time domain. OCS is described in detail and compared to DSCM by simulation, where the results show that both OCS and DSCM provide a good performance in terms of the bit error rate (BER) for access/metro applications. An exhaustive quantitative study is afterwards carried out to compare OCS and DSCM considering its support to dynamic packet layer P2P traffic only and mixed P2P and P2MP traffic; throughput, efficiency, and cost are used here as the metrics. As a baseline for comparison, the traditional optical P2P solution is also considered in this study. Numerical results show that OCS and DSCM provide a better efficiency and cost savings than traditional optical P2P connectivity. For P2P only traffic, OCS and DSCM are utmost 14.6% more efficient than the traditional lightpath solution, whereas for heterogeneous P2P + P2MP traffic, a 25% efficiency improvement is achieved, making OCS 12% more efficient than DSCM. Interestingly, the results show that for P2P only traffic, DSCM provides more savings of up to 12% than OCS, whereas for heterogeneous traffic, OCS can save up to 24.6% more than DSCM.
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