Acetate-encapsulated Linolenic Acid Liposomes Reduce SARS-CoV-2 and RSV Infection

Abstract

Emergent Coronaviridae viruses, such as SARS-CoV-1 in 2003, MERS-CoV in 2012, and SARS-CoV-2 (CoV-2) in 2019, have caused millions of deaths. These viruses have added to the existing respiratory infection burden along with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza. There are limited therapies for respiratory viruses, with broad-spectrum treatment remaining an unmet need. Since gut fermentation of fiber produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) with antiviral potential, developing a fatty acid-based broad-spectrum antiviral was investigated. Molecular docking of fatty acids showed α-linolenic acid (ALA) is likely to interact with CoV-2-S, NL63-CoV-S, and RSV-F, and an ALA-containing liposome interacted with CoV-2 directly, degrading the particle. Furthermore, a combination of ALA and a SCFA-acetate synergistically inhibited CoV2-N expression and significantly reduced viral plaque formation and IL-6 and IL-1β transcript expression in Calu-3 cells, while increasing the expression of IFN-β. A similar effect was also observed in RSV-infected A549 cells. Moreover, mice infected with a murine-adapted SARS-CoV-2 (MA10) and treated with an ALA–liposome encapsulating acetate showed significant reductions in plaque-forming units present in lung tissue and in infection-associated lung inflammation and cytokines. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the ALA liposome-encapsulating acetate can be a promising broad antiviral therapy against respiratory infections.

Can alpha‐linolenic acid be a modulator of “cytokine storm,” oxidative stress and immune response in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection?

“…The studies evaluating a direct effect of ALA against SARS‐CoV‐2 are limited in number, with only one specifically focusing on its potential anti‐inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. In this study, conducted on a murine model, a substantial reduction in lung inflammation, cytokine expression, and a significant decrease in viral plaque‐forming units were observed (McGill et al., 2023).…”