“…In addition, most microorganisms present in activated sludge can use NO 3 − as electron acceptor to metabolize the most readily biodegradable compounds such as VFAs. In this context, acetic acid is a substrate required in AS processes for biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal, supporting enhanced elimination of nitrogen but limiting enhanced biological phosphorous removal [52]. The biological oxidation of acetic acid in wastewater by AS involves the conversion of acetic acid into carbon dioxide and water through microbial activity.…”