Acetophenone azine: a new shoe allergen causing severe foot dermatitis

Fré, Charlotte De; Bergendorff, Ola; Raison‐Peyron, Nadia; Voorde, K. Van de; Romaen, Elien; Lambert, Julien; Persson, Christina; Aerts, Olivier

doi:10.1111/cod.12843

Cited by 22 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Indeed, new shoe allergens such as DMTBS or acetophenone azine have been identified by investigations like these. 24,25,27 However, in most cases, information on the ingredients of the shoe parts is almost impossible to obtain. Hence, the prospective scientific value of these tests is limited when no analytical chemical laboratory is at hand.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…About 10 years ago, footwear dermatitis due to dimethyl fumarate (DMF) in leather was reported in parallel to the epidemic of "sofa dermatitis" due to DMF used as antimycotic substance at that time. [16][17][18][19][20][21] Recent case reports have shown that octylisothiazolinone, 22 dialkyl thioureas, 23 dimethylthio-carbamylbenzothiazole sulphide (DMTBS), 24,25 2-(thiocyano-methylthio)benzothiazole (TCMTB), 26 acetophenone azine, 27,28 and Tinuvin 770 (bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate; BTMPS) 29 may also be important shoe allergens, yet may be overlooked as they are not tested routinely. Occasionally, secondary "contaminants" such as shoe refresher sprays or residues of antimycotics may cause shoe dermatitis, so taking a detailed history to identify further culprits is crucial.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Patch test results in patients with suspected contact allergy to shoes: Retrospective IVDK data analysis 2009–2018

et al. 2021

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Background: Allergic contact dermatitis caused by shoes is common and new relevant allergens have been identified.Objectives: To investigate the pattern of type IV sensitization in patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis of the feet related to shoes as a presumed culprit trigger.Methods: Retrospective analysis of data of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), 2009-2018.Results: Six hundred twenty-five patients with presumed shoe dermatitis were identified in a cohort of 119 417 patients. Compared to patients with suspected contact sensitization from other allergen sources (n = 118 792), study group patients were more frequently sensitized to potassium dichromate (10.8% vs 3.5%), colophony (7.2% vs 3.7%), mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT; 4.0% vs 0.6%), mercapto mix (4.6% vs 0.6%), and p-tert-butylphenol formaldehyde resin (1.6% vs 0.5%). Sensitizations to urea formaldehyde resin, melamine formaldehyde resin, glutaraldehyde, tricresyl phosphate, and phenyl glycidylether were rare. Moreover, reactions to compounds in the leather or textile dyes test series were scarce. Conclusion:A distinct sensitization pattern was observed in patients with suspected allergy to shoe materials. Although substances with low sensitization rates should be removed from the leather and shoe patch-test series, novel potential allergens should be added.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Patch test results in patients with suspected contact allergy to shoes: Retrospective IVDK data analysis 2009–2018

et al. 2021

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“…Recently acetophenone azine [137,138], a new allergen in ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers, which are widely used in sports equipment, has been identified as a cause of severe contact dermatitis in children, both in shin pads and sport shoes, as well as in sneakers and flip-flops. It is formed in situ during the manufacturing process as a by-product of reactions between compounds originating from other additives.…”

Section: Plastic Materials and Resinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contact Allergy in Children

Goossens

Morren

2020

Contact Dermatitis

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Contact allergy in children is more frequent than previously suspected. Metals, ingredients of pharmaceutical and cosmetic products, preservatives/biocides, para-phenylenediamine, rubber additives, plastics and resins, and plants are known sensitizers in them. In adolescents, occupation-induced allergens may be involved as well. Sometimes unusual clinical presentations of allergic contact dermatitis can be observed. If there is a suspicion by history and clinical picture, or there is an unexplained eczema at particular body sites, patch testing should be performed at all ages. Patch testing in children is safe, but false-positive (as false-negative) reactions are, of course, possible. Patch test reactions must be interpreted carefully, particularly in atopic subjects, since their skin is readily irritated; this is especially the case for metals. An abbreviated baseline series, supplemented with relevant allergens from other test series, as well as contacted products and respective ingredients suggested by the history, should be patch tested.

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“…Interestingly, the substance is not added during the production of ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) foam, but is apparently newly formed [ 148 ]. In two additional cases, also shin pads in one case, and sneakers in the other, were the cause of a partly spreading severe ACD [ 149 ]; in another Belgian case, again shin pads and later sports shoes had caused severe ACD in a 29-year-old hockey player, and again, acetophenone azine was identified as the contact allergen [ 150 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contact Allergy: A Review of Current Problems from a Clinical Perspective

Uter

Werfel

White

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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Contact allergy is common, affecting 27% of the general population in Europe. Original publications, including case reports, published since 2016 (inclusive) were identified with the aim of collating a full review of current problems in the field. To this end, a literature search employing methods of systematic reviewing was performed in the Medline® and Web of Science™ databases on 28 January 2018, using the search terms (“contact sensitization” or “contact allergy”). Of 446 non-duplicate publications identified by above search, 147 were excluded based on scrutiny of title, abstract and key words. Of the remaining 299 examined in full text, 291 were deemed appropriate for inclusion, and main findings were summarised in topic sections. In conclusion, diverse sources of exposures to chemicals of widely-differing types and structures, continue to induce sensitisation in man and may result in allergic contact dermatitis. Many of the chemicals are “evergreen” but others are “newcomers”. Vigilance and proper investigation (patch testing) are required to detect and inform of the presence of these haptens to which our populations remain exposed.

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Acetophenone azine: a new shoe allergen causing severe foot dermatitis

Cited by 22 publications

References 6 publications

Patch test results in patients with suspected contact allergy to shoes: Retrospective IVDK data analysis 2009–2018

Patch test results in patients with suspected contact allergy to shoes: Retrospective IVDK data analysis 2009–2018

Contact Allergy in Children

Contact Allergy: A Review of Current Problems from a Clinical Perspective

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