Acetylcholinesterase Biosensors for Electrochemical Detection of Organophosphorus Compounds: A Review

Abstract

The exponentially growing population, with limited resources, has exerted an intense pressure on the agriculture sector. In order to achieve high productivity the use of pesticide has increased up to many folds. These pesticides contain organophosphorus (OP) toxic compounds which interfere with the proper functioning of enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and finally affect the central nervous system (CNS). So, there is a need for routine, continuous, on spot detection of OP compounds which are the main limitations associated with conventional analytical methods. AChE based enzymatic biosensors have been reported by researchers as the most promising tool for analysis of pesticide level to control toxicity and for environment conservation. The present review summarises AChE based biosensors by discussing their characteristic features in terms of fabrication, detection limit, linearity range, time of incubation, and storage stability. Use of nanoparticles in recently reported fabrication strategies has improved the efficiency of biosensors to a great extent making them more reliable and robust.

The plasma metabolic profiling of chronic acephate exposure in rats via an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry based metabonomic method

“…[1][2][3][4] However, the extensive use of acephate has increased human exposure via different sources, including residues in food and water, applications to public spaces, and occupational means. 8 Toxicological studies on acephate have focused on acute toxicity, short-term and long-term toxicities, genotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and neurotoxicity. Therefore, the adverse effects of acephate exposure on human health should be studied further.…”

Silica nanoparticle based techniques for extraction, detection, and degradation of pesticides

“…The most relevant ones are acetylcholinesterase, organophosphosphate hydrolase, tyrosinase, butyrylcholinesterase, alkaline or acid phosphatases and aldehyde dehydrogenases [68]. Two enzymes namely, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and organophosphate hydrolase (OPH) have been extensively used for detecting pesticides [69,70]. In general, the catalytic activities of these enzymes generate hydrogen ion donors that bring about changes in the conductivity of the medium (Fig.…”

Nanomaterials-based electrochemical detection of chemical contaminants

“…175 Intense research efforts have been invested in the development of sensitive and selective sensors for the detection and quantication of pesticides. 179,180 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) based biosensors have been reviewed by Hooda and co-workers 169 for the electrochemical detection of organophosphorus compound based pesticides. 177,178 Stateof-art receptor selection, the use of different transduction techniques, rapid screening strategies, and the application of various biosensors have been developed for food and environmental safety and security applications.…”