Achievement Correlates of Depressive Illness

Burns, Sam; Offord, David R.

doi:10.1097/00005053-197205000-00003

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Since premorbid IQs for neurotic and psychotic depressives have not been reported, no conclusions can be reached regarding intellectual deterioration in these two types of depression. Finally, the childhood (premorbid) IQs of patients with primary affective disorder do not differ significantly from the childhood IQs of their siblings or matched normal controls (Burns & Offord, 1972). However, Burns and Offord did not report the illness IQs for these patients.…”

Section: Cognitive Deficit General Intellectual Impairmentmentioning

confidence: 68%

Psychological deficit in depression.

Miller

1975

Psychological Bulletin

334

151

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Severe and mild forms of depression are associated with a number of deficits on cognitive, motor, and perceptual tasks and in communication behaviors, but there is little evidence for deficits that are unique to depression. The various subtypes of depression tend to exhibit similar deficits. The studies reviewed have generally been deficient for a number of reasons. These studies have (a) frequently had no theoretical orientation, (b) often failed to define the sample of depressives tested, and (c) rarely made direct comparisons of deficits in different types of depressives. A number of suggestions for future research are made. Hunt and Cofer (1944) denned psychological deficit as the loss of efficiency or decrement in performance exhibited by psychiatric patients relative to normals on intellectual and laboratory tasks. Since their review, a huge amount of research on deficit has been done. Research on schizophrenic deficit has received a great deal of attention, and several comprehensive reviews have critically evaluated this research Shakow, 1963;Yates, 1966). In contrast, the study of psychological deficit in depression has received little attention, and no comprehensive reviews of studies of depressive deficit have previously appeared.This article reviews and evaluates experimental studies of depressive deficit. Such a review is especially important for two reasons. First, it has been suggested that severe depression is associated with only minor impairments in psychological task performance (Friedman, 19,64;Granick, 1963). Yet, the studies reviewed here demonstrate that severe depression is often associated with marked degrees of impairment similar to that ex-

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Section: Cognitive Deficit General Intellectual Impairmentmentioning

confidence: 68%

Psychological deficit in depression.

Miller

1975

Psychological Bulletin

334

151

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“…It follows that depressed persons would be expected to choose such goals, that is, have an elevated level of aspiration. Although clinically depressed persons have often been characterized as perfectionistic (Chodoff, 1970;Melges & Bowlby, 1969;Reese, 1971), the evidence for distinctively high achievement motivation among such persons, particularly for premorbid or remitted manic-depressives, has been inconsistent (Becker & Altrocchi, 1968;Burns & Offord, 1972). There is some evidence that mildly depressed students tend to set unrealistic academic goals relative to nondepressed students (Schwartz, 1974).…”

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confidence: 99%

Motivational and associative aspects of mild depression in skill and chance tasks.

Golin¹,

Terrell²

1977

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

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In Experiment 1, the levels of aspiration and expectancies for success of mildly depressed and nondepressed college students on a skill and chance task were studied. The two groups did not differ in expectations for success, but the depressed students displayed elevated levels of aspiration, particularly for the skill task. Experiment 2 tested the prediction, based on an attainment discrepancy model, that increases in expectancy for success would be a function of the interaction of performance level and the skill-chance nature of a task for • mildly depressed students but not for nondepressed students. Comparisons of increases in expectancy for success following average and superior performance supported this prediction. The prediction that locus of control and depression would not be significantly correlated was also confirmed. The results were interpreted as indicating that the level of aspiration of mildly depressed persons may be particularly elevated in skill tasks, resulting in the perception of average performance in such tasks as unsuccessful.Recently, there has been an interest in the relation between psychopathology and approaches to skill and chance tasks (Golin, 1974;Miller & Seligman, 1973). In a skill task, a subject believes he has control over reinforcers; whereas in a chance task, he believes reinforcers are a consequence of factors outside his control. Golin (1974) found that normal subjects performed a stressful task better under skill than under chance conditions; high-anxious subjects, however, did not improve their performance under skill conditions. Miller and Seligman (1973) reported that nondepressed subjects showed greater expectancy changes following reinforcement in a skill task than depressed subjects; the two groups did not differ in this regard in a chance task.How are different reactions to skill and chance tasks to be interpreted? Typically, they have been viewed within the framework of social-learning theory (

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“…Analysis of patient ratings, for example, reveals that depression, anxiety, and hostility form a single factor (Plutchik, Platman, & Fieve, 1971), yet to the clinician these are separate entities. Confusion exists even before further complexities are approached such as the issues of covert versus overt depressive behavior, the selection of criterion measures, and the problem of socioeconomic class variables (Burns & Offord, 1972;. Manifestations of depression also appear to shift, as in the present increase in alienation, isolation, drug and alcohol use among our young people.…”

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confidence: 99%

Depression and suicidality.

Leonard¹

1974

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

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Suiddality ratings for 90 patients in a voluntary psychiatric hospital ward were correlated with five possible indices of depression: self-ratings of depression, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Depression scale scores, depressive diagnosis, and alcohol and drug use. Included in the group were seven subjects who were suicides subsequent to hospitalization, with their characteristics given and discussed. Both depression and suicidality emerged in the factor structure as multidimensional and independent factors. Overt depressive measures were related in specific and complex ways to suicidality, while the possible covert depressive measures of alcohol and drug use did not correlate or correlated negatively with suicidality. High-suicidality patients had significantly longer hospitalizations, suggesting dependency and/or control problems. Suicidal patients in this study tended to be characterized by selfreports of physical disequilibrium and control problems rather than by feelings of despondency and hopelessness.

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Achievement Correlates of Depressive Illness

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Psychological deficit in depression.

Psychological deficit in depression.

Motivational and associative aspects of mild depression in skill and chance tasks.

Depression and suicidality.

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