Achievement goals and self-determination in adult football players – a cluster analysis

José

2020

Retos

Abstract. Despite the importance of football in today’s society, little research has been done on female football. The principal aim of this investigation is to find out why women participate in this sport, to identify goal orientations, as well as to analyse the perceived motivational climate and differences according to category and stage of the season in women’s football. In order to achieve this, we have used a sample of 41 female football players belonging to three different football clubs of Castilla y León in three different ranks (1st Regional B Football 11, 1st Regional Futsal, and 2nd National Football 11), aged between 15 and 19 years old, which were administered the Sport Motivation Scale by Pelletier et al. (1995), the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire by Duda and Nicholls (1989) and the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 by Newton et al (2000). Results reveal that the subjects present more Intrinsic than Extrinsic Motivation and obtained low rating values in Amotivation. Referring to the goal orientation matter, evidence confirms that the levels of Task Orientation are higher than to Ego in every rank, with the latter decreasing throughout the season. In every team, the subjects perceived a greater Task-involving climate than to Ego-involving, although higher values in the Ego-involving climate were achieved in the 2nd National Football 11 compared to the other ranks. Resumen. Pese a la importancia del fútbol en la sociedad actual hay pocos estudios que se centren en el fútbol femenino. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer las razones de participación en el deporte, identificar las orientaciones de meta, así como analizar el clima motivacional percibido y las diferencias existentes en función de la categoría y la etapa de la temporada en el fútbol femenino. Para ello, se empleó una muestra de 41 futbolistas femeninas pertenecientes a tres clubes de fútbol de Castilla y León de tres categorías distintas (1ª Regional B Fútbol 11, 1ª Regional Fútbol Sala, y 2ª Nacional Fútbol 11), con edades comprendidas entre 15 y 29 años, a las cuales se les administraron la Escala de Motivación Deportiva de Pelletier et al. (1995), el Cuestionario de Orientación a la Tarea y al Ego de Duda y Nicholls (1989) y el Cuestionario de Clima Motivacional Percibido en el Deporte de Newton et al. (2000). Los resultados revelan que las participantes mostraron una mayor Motivación Intrínseca que Extrínseca y obtuvieron unos valores bajos en Amotivación. En relación a las orientaciones de meta, en todas las categorías aparecen valores más elevados en la Orientación a la tarea que al ego, con un descenso de esta última a lo largo de la temporada. En todos los equipos, las participantes percibieron un mayor Clima de implicación hacia la Tarea que al Ego, aunque en la 2ª Nacional Fútbol 11 alcanzaron valores más elevados en Clima de implicación al Ego respecto a las otras dos categorías.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…On the other hand, when comparing the results of this scale by categories, there are no differences found, showing a quite similar profile with a high intrinsic component. Neither Sarmento et al (2018), found differences in the self-determined motivation among the Portuguese male football categories, showing also a high intrinsic component.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Motivational analysis during one season in female football in Castilla y León (Spain) (Análisis motivacional durante una temporada de fútbol femenino en Castilla y León (España))

José

2020

Retos

“…Remember that this motivational climate improves the relationship between the athlete and the trainer [ 55 ], increases motivational self-discipline in the athlete [ 56 ], boosts the belief in their own ability, and raises the intention of being physically active in the future [ 57 ], as well as different over-arching aspects like physical effort [ 23 ]. It is worth pointing out that other studies carried out on top level sports-women have demonstrated that females are more highly orientated towards the task in sports such as basketball [ 31 ] and football [ 30 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A cluster analysis of high-performance female team players’ perceived motivational climate: Implications on perceived motor competence and autonomous behaviour

et al. 2022

High performance sport for females is an area which is gaining more and more relevance today, but which hasn’t received the same research interest as sport for males. The aim of the present study was to analyse the motivational climate perceived by high performance female athletes and the implications on perceived motor competence and autonomous behaviour and check the differences according category, sport experience and training hours in performance and master climate. The participants were 615 female athletes who practice top level team sports, with ages comprised of 16 to 38 (M = 22,10; SD = 4,91). The sample consisted of two different categories: junior (n = 242) and senior (n = 373). These players participated in different team sports, specifically football, handball, basketball and volleyball, training between 6 and 24 hours a week (M = 8,34; DT = 4,33). The variables measured were: perceived motivational climate in sport, autonomous behaviour and perceived motor competence. A cluster analysis was carried out using, as a variable, the perceived motivational climate, and showing the existence of two profiles, one related to ego and the other to task. The multivariate analysis showed that the profile orientated towards the task had significant differences compared to the autonomous behaviour (M = 4.66 vs M = 3.41). At the same time an analysis was carried out looking at different social demographic variables, revealing how there were differences in the sports experience (those participants with more than ten years’ experience were more orientated towards ego, compared to those with less than ten years’ experience) and the category (junior athletes were more orientated towards the task, compared to senior athletes). It was concluded that a greater orientation towards the task can lead to an improvement in the perception of motor competence, with the youngest and least experienced athletes being the most prominent in this category.

“…While using the k-means clustering method is nothing new for sports, a detailed literature review search found noth-ing specific to its application in American football for the purposes of identification of training groupings. Soccer, on the other hand, has had a number of recent studies utilizing k-means clustering for everything from pregame expectations of the athlete (Popovych et al, 2020), to special movement patterns during a game (Beernaerts, de Baets, Lenoir, & van de Weghe, 2020), to game performance as it relates to new contracts (Gómez, Lago, Gómez, & Furley, 2019), to self-determination (Sarmento, Peralta, Harper, Vaz, & Marques, 2018) and emotional intelligence (Louvet & Campo, 2020), to the risk of eating disorders (Izquierdo, Ceballos, Ramírez Molina, Vallejo, & Díaz, 2019). One soccer study did find that k-means clustering was not a good technique for assessing the four velocity zones during a match because of the subtle differences between velocity thresholds based on the Catapult Sports MinimaxX S4 TM used (Park, Scott, & Lovell, 2019).…”

Section: Seasonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using K-means Clustering to Create Training Groups for Elite American Football Student-athletes Based on Game Demands

Shelly

Burch

Tian

et al. 2020

IJKSS

Background: American football and the athletes that participate have continually evolved since the sport’s inception. The fluidity of the sport, as well as the growth of the body of knowledge pertaining to American football, requires evolving training techniques. While performance data is being garnered at very high rates by elite level sports organizations, the limiting factor to the value of data can be the limited known uses for the data. Objective: This study introduces a technique that can be used in tandem with data collected from wearable technology to better inform training decisions. Method: The K-means clustering technique was used to group athletes from two seasons worth of data from an NCAA Division 1 American football team that is in the “Power 5.” The data was obtained using Catapult Sports OPTIMEYE S5 TM in games played against only other “Power 5” programs. This data was then used to create average game demands of each student-athlete, which was then used to create training groups based upon individual game demands as previously mentioned. Results: The resultant groupings from the single-season analyses of seasons one and two showed results that were similar to traditional groupings used for training in American football, which worked as validation of the results, while also offering insights on individuals that may need to consider training in a non-traditional group based upon their game demands. Conclusion: This technique can be brought to `athletic training and be useful in any organization that is dealing with training multitudes of athletes.