Achievement of Efficient and Stable Nonflow Zinc–Bromine Batteries Assisted by Rational Decoration upon the Two Electrodes

Abstract

Aqueous zinc−bromine batteries (ZBBs) are highly promising because of the advantages of safety and cost. Compared with flow ZBBs, static ones without the assistance of pumping and tank components possess decreased cost and increased energy density and efficiency. Yet, the issues of Zn dendrites and shuttle effect of polybromide ions (Br n − ) are more serious in nonflow ZBBs. Meanwhile, the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the sluggish kinetics of the Br 2 /Br − couple are also in-negligible. Herein, a compressive approach, the cation-exchange membrane (CEM) coating on Zn anodes and N-defect decoration toward carbon felt cathodes, is developed. The CEM with cationonly function can inhibit the formation of Zn dendrites via tuning the Zn 2+ flow at the interface, block the noncationic substances, and hence prevent the shuttle of Br 2 /Br n − and the water decomposition-concerned HER. The optimized nonflow ZBBs can deliver high Coulombic, voltage, and energy efficiencies of 94.1, 92.8, and 87.4%, respectively, which can be well remained in 1000 cycles. Meanwhile, the output voltage is as high as 1.7 V at 10 mA cm −2 with a high areal capacity of 2 mA h cm −2 , and a LED with a rated voltage of 1.6 V can be powered successfully, exhibiting high application value.