Achievements and Challenges in the Science of Space Weather

Koskinen, H.; Baker, D. N.; Balogh, A.; Gombosi, T. I.; Veronig, Astrid; Steiger, R. von

doi:10.1007/s11214-017-0390-4

Cited by 59 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…When dynamic variability in the solar wind impacts the Earth's magnetosphere, it can interrupt communications, damage satellites, disrupt power grids, and threaten the safety of humans in space. There is an ever-increasing need to understand how this so-called space-weather activity affects human society and technology, and to produce more accurate forecasts (see, e.g., Koskinen et al 2017). Such practical advances are made possible only when there is concurrent research devoted to answering more fundamental questions such as "what heats the corona?"…”

Section: Mhd: Magnetohydrodynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Properties of the Solar Corona and Its Connection to the Solar Wind

Cranmer

Winebarger

2019

Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys.

122

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The corona is a layer of hot plasma that surrounds the Sun, traces out its complex magnetic field, and ultimately expands into interplanetary space as the supersonic solar wind. Although much has been learned in recent decades from advances in observations, theory, and computer simulations, we still have not identified definitively the physical processes that heat the corona and accelerate the solar wind. In this review, we summarize these recent advances and speculate about what else is required to finally understand the fundamental physics of this complex system. Specifically:• We discuss recent sub-arcsecond observations of the corona, some of which appear to provide evidence for tangled and braided magnetic fields, and some of which do not. • We review results from three-dimensional numerical simulations that, despite limitations in dynamic range, reliably contain sufficient heating to produce and maintain the corona. • We provide a new tabulation of scaling relations for a number of proposed coronal heating theories that involve waves, turbulence, braiding, nanoflares, and helicity conservation.An understanding of these processes is important not only for improving our ability to forecast hazardous space-weather events, but also for establishing a baseline of knowledge about a well-resolved star that is relevant to other astrophysical systems.

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Section: Mhd: Magnetohydrodynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Properties of the Solar Corona and Its Connection to the Solar Wind

Cranmer

Winebarger

2019

Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys.

122

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“…The key open question in this context links to the ones aforementioned: "What is our capability for predicting the environment conditions at different locations in the Solar System given the current space assets?". Charged particles can pose major Space Weather hazards (see Koskinen et al, 2017 and references therein). Since, the related events are due to the arrival (at the location of the spacecraft) of a shock, the detection of type II radio-burst can function as a good proxy.…”

Section: Planetary Space Weather Domainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Space Weather discipline has both scientific and operational aspects which are unavoidably strongly related to one another. Koskinen et al (2017) characterized Space Weather as "science with applications" pointing out that the progress needed to improve both short-and long-term forecasting challenges our understanding of the scientific foundations. It is now evident that to address the requirements of future Space Weather services we need to advance our insights in and understanding of Space Weather science.…”

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confidence: 99%

Current state and perspectives of Space Weather science in Italy

Plainaki

Antonucci²,

Бемпорад

et al. 2020

J. Space Weather Space Clim.

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Italian teams have been involved many times in Space Weather observational campaigns from space and from the ground, contributing in the advancing of our knowledge on the properties and evolution of the related phenomena. Numerous Space Weather forecasting and now-casting modeling efforts have resulted in a remarkable add-on to the overall progress in the field, at both national and international level. The Italian Space Agency has participated several times in space missions with science objectives related to Space Weather; indeed, an important field for the Italian scientific and industrial communities interested in Heliophysics and Space Weather, is the development of new instrumentation for future space missions. In this paper, we present a brief state-of-the-art in Space Weather science in Italy and we discuss some ideas on a long-term plan for the support of future scientific research in the related disciplines. In the context of the current roadmap, the Italian Space Agency aims to assess the possibility to develop a national scientific Space Weather data centre to encourage synergies between different science teams with interest in the field and to motivate innovation and new mission concept development. Alongside with the proposed recommendations, we also discuss how the Italian expertise could complement international efforts in a wider international Space Weather context.

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“…This kind of typical solar flare events are also called two-ribbon flares. Big flares and associated CMEs may cause drastic disturbances to the solar-terrestrial space weather and impact the safety of spacecraft as well as the human life on the Earth (Schwenn 2006;Pulkkinen 2007;Koskinen et al 2017;Lanzerotti 2017). Flare activity was also discovered on the solar-type stars other than the Sun (Schaefer et al 2000;Benz & Güdel 2010;Shibata & Magara 2011;Maehara et al 2012;Notsu et al 2013;Shibayama et al 2013;Balona 2015;Davenport 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chirality and magnetic configuration associated with two-ribbon solar flares: AR 10930 versus AR 11158

Wang

Yan

et al. 2020

Advances in Space Research

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The magnetic configuration of flare-bearing active regions (ARs) is one key aspect for understanding the initiation of solar flares. In this paper, we perform a comparative analysis on the chiral characteristics and the magnetic configurations of two X-class two-ribbon flares happening in AR 10930 and AR 11158, whose photospheric magnetic fields were observed by the Hinode and SDO satellites, respectively. The corresponding coronal magnetic fields were calculated based on the nonlinear forcefree field model. It is found that both the flares were initiated in local areas with extremely strong electric current density. The chirality of the magnetic field (indicated by the sign of force-free factor α) along the main polarity inversion line (PIL) is opposite for the two ARs, that is, left-handed (α < 0) for AR 10930 and right-handed (α > 0) for AR 11158. The analysis shows that, for both flare events, prominent magnetic connectivity (indicated by both high α and strong current distributions) was formed above the main PIL before the flare and was totally broken after the flare eruption. Yet the two branches of broken magnetic connectivity, combined with the isolated electric current at the magnetic connectivity breaking site, compose the opposite magnetic configurations for the two ARs owing to their opposite chiral characteristics. That is, Z-shaped configuration for AR 10930 with negative α and left-handed chirality, and inverse Z-shaped configuration for AR 11158 with positive α and right-handed chirality. We speculate that two-ribbon flares can be generally classified to these two magnetic configurations by chirality (α sign) of ARs.

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Achievements and Challenges in the Science of Space Weather

Cited by 59 publications

References 80 publications

The Properties of the Solar Corona and Its Connection to the Solar Wind

The Properties of the Solar Corona and Its Connection to the Solar Wind

Current state and perspectives of Space Weather science in Italy

Chirality and magnetic configuration associated with two-ribbon solar flares: AR 10930 versus AR 11158

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