Achievements and Prospects in Electrochemical-Based Biosensing Platforms for Aflatoxin M1 Detection in Milk and Dairy Products

Abstract

Aflatoxins, which are mainly produced by Aspergillus flavus and parasiticus growing on plants and products stored under inappropriate conditions, represent the most studied group of mycotoxins. Contamination of human and animal milk with aflatoxin M1, the hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1, is an important health risk factor due to its carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Due to the low concentration of this aflatoxin in milk and milk products, the analytical methods used for its quantification have to be highly sensitive, specific and simple. This paper presents an overview of the analytical methods, especially of the electrochemical immunosensors and aptasensors, used for determination of aflatoxin M1.

Adverse Effects, Transformation and Channeling of Aflatoxins Into Food Raw Materials in Livestock

“…The different methods can be characterized by several parameters such as accuracy, applicability, reproducibility, limit of detection and so on (Sheppard, 2008;Alshannaq and Yae-Hiuk, 2017;Shanakhat et al, 2018). Trucksess and Zhang (2016) argued that all practically useful analytical methods should meet the basic Fluorescence polarization immunoassay 30 ng/ml Maragos, 2009 Biosensors 0.05 ml 0.005 µg/l Gurban et al, 2017;Man et al, 2017 Indirect methods Spectroscopy 4 µg/kg Wacoo et al, 2014 Emerging technologies Hyperspectral imaging 10 µg/kg Wang et al, 2014 Electronic nose 5 µ/kg Ottoboni et al, 2018 Aptamer-based biosensors ECL 0.1 pg/ml Shim et al, 2014;Castillo et al, 2015;Guo et al, 2016;Jia et al, 2019;Kordasht et al, 2019; guidelines of reproducibility in different laboratory settings. Based on these premises, protocols that are used in different laboratories from sampling to analysis were compiled, and systems relying on certified material samples (CRMs) are also closely related to this.…”

Development of Flexible Dispense-Printed Electrochemical Immunosensor for Aflatoxin M1 Detection in Milk

“…The growth of different fungal genii like Aspergillus , Fusarium , Penicillium , Claviceps , and Alternania under favorable conditions in a variety of food products and in animal feed leads to the synthesis of their secondary metabolites, called mycotoxins [1,2,3]. It is estimated that approximately 25% of crops worldwide are contaminated with mycotoxin [4,5].…”

“…It is estimated that approximately 25% of crops worldwide are contaminated with mycotoxin [4,5]. This results in economic losses as well as human health problems, especially in the case of ingestion of contaminated food [2]. The best known mycotoxins are aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, patulin, and trichothecenes.…”

“…The best known mycotoxins are aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, patulin, and trichothecenes. These toxins can represent potential hazards to human beings [1], since they are carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic, nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, immunotoxic, and may also damage the nerve system [2]. In particular, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a metabolic product of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), is present in milk and milk products [6] and is the most toxic compound in this group [7,8].…”

Label-Free and Redox Markers-Based Electrochemical Aptasensors for Aflatoxin M1 Detection

“…The most reproducible signal was obtained for sensors based on a Fab’-functionalized surface with a LOD of 5 nM (1641 ng/L). Immunosensors for AFM1 detection have been recently reviewed [21,22,23,24].…”