Achieving a high-
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 response in metamaterials by manipulating the toroidal excitations

Fan, Yuancheng; Zhang, Fuli; Shen, Nian‐Hai; Fu, Quanhong; Wei, Zeyong; Li, Hongqiang; Soukoulis, Costas M.

doi:10.1103/physreva.97.033816

Cited by 81 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Fano resonances in metasurfaces, which result in narrow transmission or reflection window, have also got a great deal of attention recently for their wide applications in biosensing, slow light, optical switching, and enhancing nonlinear interactions . The optimization of Q factor and intensity of the Fano resonances plays a key role in the real applications of Fano resonances . Fano resonance with Q factor higher than 10 4 has been experimentally demonstrated in gigahertz (GHz) with a metallic metamaterial .…”

Section: Single‐dimensional Manipulation Of Optical Waves With Metasumentioning

confidence: 99%

From Single‐Dimensional to Multidimensional Manipulation of Optical Waves with Metasurfaces

et al. 2019

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given refractive indices. The limited refractive indices of natural materials prevent the generation of new optical phenomena. The size and weight of traditional optical devices also prevent optical system miniaturization and integration. Nowadays, there is an everincreasing demand for new approaches to implement the effective manipulation of optical waves in different dimensions and to get the novel optical devices on demand.With the development of nanofabrication technology, artificial nanostructures become approachable which offer a promising solution to the achievement of efficient manipulation of optical waves in different dimensions. Metamaterials, which attain their optical functionalities from the subwavelength structures rather than their constitutive materials, provided intriguing possibilities for the evolution of modern optics and have attracted great interest from the scientific community over the past twenty years. [1][2][3] By judiciously modulating their subwavelength structure parameters, the effective values of the permeability and permittivity of the metamaterials can be designed on purpose to realize the manipulation of optical waves in a spectific dimension and to get the desirable optical functionalities, which are even not achievable with natural materials. Previous works have demonstrated that metamaterials can be widely applied in realizing negative refractive index, [4][5][6] electromagnetic invisibility cloaks, [7,8] optical black holes, [9] chiral media, [10,11] and so on. However, the commercialization of metamaterial-based optical devices in real applications is still challenging, which we ascribe to the strong dispersion and high losses associated with typically used metallic structures, and also the difficult and costly fabrication for 3D designs.Recently, planar metamaterials or metasurfaces have received great attention for their advantages to meet these challenges. [12][13][14] Compared to metamaterials, metasurfaces, as artificial planar designs, have dramatically reduced the fabrication complexity. Moreover, the thickness of metasurfaces is less than or similar to the wavelength of operating waves, which results in the reduction of the undesirable losses and offers an effective manner for implementing tunable and reconfigurable optical devices. Overall, metasurfaces provide an effective way to overcome the challenges in metamaterials, and it has been successfully proven that metasurfaces are more feasible for the engineering of the fundamental dimensions of optical Metasurfaces, 2D artificial arrays of subwavelength elements, have attracted great interest from the optical scientific community in recent years because they provide versatile possibilities for the manipulation of optical waves and promise an effective way for miniaturization and integration of optical devices. In the past decade, the main efforts were focused on the realization of single-dimensional (amplitude, frequency, polarization, or phase) manipulation of optical waves. Compared to the metasurfaces with sing...

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Section: Single‐dimensional Manipulation Of Optical Waves With Metasumentioning

confidence: 99%

From Single‐Dimensional to Multidimensional Manipulation of Optical Waves with Metasurfaces

et al. 2019

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“…The multiple wave interference effect and near‐field coupling effect between layers make the few‐layer metasurface a powerful platform to tailor the reflection, transmission, and absorption of electromagnetic waves. By utilizing the multiple wave interference effect between the functional layers, Chen et al proposed a wide‐angle antireflection coating in the terahertz frequency range .…”

Section: Prominent Applications In Few‐layer Metasurfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Empowered Layer Effects and Prominent Properties in Few‐Layer Metasurfaces

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2019

Advanced Optical Materials

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applications have been realized based on the metamaterials, such as negative index materials, [3] invisibility cloaks, [4] and zeroindex materials. [5] Nevertheless, metamaterials are usually bulky, difficult to be fabricated, and suffer from high energy losses, which hinder their practical applications in modern photonic systems. In recent years, planar metasurfaces, the 2D equivalents of metamaterials, have attracted plenty of attentions due to their extraordinary abilities in controlling the polarization, amplitude, phase, and dispersion of electromagnetic waves. [6][7][8] Compared with bulk metamaterials, the metasurfaces have many advantages, such as ultrathin thicknesses, low losses, ease of fabrication and integration. Over the past years, single-layer metasurfaces have been widely applied in realizing polarization conversion, [9] beam deflectors, [10,11] metalenses, [12,13] holograms, [14] coding, [15] structural colors, [16,17] nonlinear metasurfaces, [18] and some other applications. Nevertheless, the interactions between lights and ultrathin single-layer metasurfaces are usually limited, resulting in low efficiency and limited controllability in some applications. [19] Moreover, the degrees of freedom for light manipulation provided by a single-layer metasurface are usually not enough in realizing multifunctional devices and some other sophisticated photonic systems.Few-layer metasurface that contains more than one functional layer provides an effective method to overcome the drawbacks of both bulk metamaterials and single-layer metasurfaces. Cheng et al. employed the concept of few-layer metasurfaces to discuss the advantages and emergent functionalities of them in ref. [20]. Few-layer metasurfaces retain the advantages of single-layer metasurfaces and can provide more degrees of freedom to manipulate electromagnetic waves. More importantly, the abundant layer effects, such as the multiple wave interference between layers and the near-field coupling effects, can enhance the interactions between lights and structures and improve the efficiency of few-layer systems. In addition, the combination of different functional layers can produce novel functions that single-layer metasurfaces can hardly realize. For example, by breaking the mirror symmetry along the propagation direction, few-layer metasurfaces can realize asymmetric transmission of linearly polarized lights. [21] By vertically integrating different metasurfaces on one substrate, optical systems with different functions can be miniaturization and integration. Recently, the few-layer metasurfaces have also been extended in the acoustic fields to realize some novel applications, such Metamaterials are 3D artificial structures proposed to surpass conventional natural materials and realize novel functions beyond traditional optical elements. Nevertheless, they are usually bulky and difficult to be fabricated. As 2D equivalents of metamaterials, metasurfaces have been proposed to overcome the drawbacks of metamaterials and fully control the polarizati...

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“…[ 38 ] The radiative feature of toroidal geometric is quite unique, resulting from its fantastical field localization configuration in a head‐to‐tail manner. [ 39–41 ] It was found that the toroidal metamaterials could enhance the light‐matter interaction within a small volume, which subsequently produces radiation patterns that couple weakly to the free space. [ 34,35,39–41 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual‐Sensitivity Terahertz Metasensor Based on Lattice–Toroidal‐Coupled Resonance

Lou

Yang

Liang

et al. 2021

Advanced Photonics Research

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High quality factor resonance with extremely narrow line‐width offers an important platform for terahertz (THz) sensing technology as it enables strong light‐matter interaction between THz waves and analyte materials. Lattice mode arising from the collective Rayleigh scattering of metamaterial periodic structures has the ability to strongly confine the electromagnetic waves on the surface that fails to radiate to the far‐field. Herein, for the first time, a strategy is experimentally demonstrated to design THz metasensors, which exhibit dual‐sensitivity of frequency and resonance intensity by coupling the first‐order lattice mode to the toroidal resonance. The frequency sensitivity mainly results from the localized field confinement, whereas the sensitivity of resonance intensity depends on the matching degree between toroidal resonance and lattice mode. It is found that both the frequency shift and resonance intensity show exponential growth with the increase in the analyte thickness. In addition, the sensing performance between toroidal and toroidal–lattice modes is compared to verify the superiority of the dual‐sensitivity property. This work would greatly improve the practical applications of THz sensing technology and open up new opportunities for the realization of slow light devices, multiband narrow filters, and nonlinear systems.

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Achieving a high- Q response in metamaterials by manipulating the toroidal excitations

Cited by 81 publications

References 53 publications

From Single‐Dimensional to Multidimensional Manipulation of Optical Waves with Metasurfaces

From Single‐Dimensional to Multidimensional Manipulation of Optical Waves with Metasurfaces

Empowered Layer Effects and Prominent Properties in Few‐Layer Metasurfaces

Dual‐Sensitivity Terahertz Metasensor Based on Lattice–Toroidal‐Coupled Resonance

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