“…The literature on factors which result in resistance to change in the construction industry is extensive. Resource‐based factors which have been identified as contributors include:- the proliferation of many very small businesses who have difficulty surviving let alone growing (Koksal and Arditi, 2002; Winch, 2000);
- the insecurity of much employment in the industry (Walker et al , 2001);
- the tacit and individualised nature of much of industry experience, skills and knowledge (Fernie et al , 2003a; Hari et al , 2005; Vakola and Rezgui, 2000);
- lack of expertise in and value placed on human resource management (Bossink, 2004; Kangari and Miyatake, 1997); and
- contractual risk shifting towards those who can least afford to bear the cost (Hinze, 1994; Langford et al , 2000; Zaghloul and Hartman, 2003). Structural factors which have been identified as impediments to change and innovation in the construction include:
- its temporary project‐based nature (Dubois and Gadde, 2002; Towill, 2003);
- procurement systems which stress lowest price rather than best value (Salter and Torbett, 2003; Turner, 2004; Wong et al , 2000);
- the complexity and lack of integration in existing industry supply chains (Briscoe et al , 2004; Dainty et al , 2001; Kumaraswamy et al , 2004a, b; London and Kenley, 2001; Love et al , 2004);
- resistance to standardisation and modularisation because of the inherent diversity of industry participants (Fox et al , 2001; Gibb and Isack, 2003); and
- self‐perceptions of the industry's nature which limit both top‐down and bottom‐up innovation (Koskela and Vrijhoef, 2001).
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