“…While the water splitting and oxygen reduction occur at the entire electrode surface, the improvement of mass transport is needed to make gas diffusion throughout electrode grains more necessary. The incorporation of the three-dimensional mesh-like PNC Kim et aI., 2016 38 Wang et aI., 2015 39 Chen et aI., 2015 40 Laguna-Bercero et aI., 2016 45 Ishihara et aI., 2016 46 Yang et aI., 2015 47 Peng et aI., 2010 41 Traversa et aI., 2015 42 Xie et aI., 2016 48 He et aI., 2017 49 Ding et aI., 2018 43 Kim et aI., 2018 44 Peng et aI., 2018 50 Liu et aI., 2018 51 Norby et aI., 2019 52 Haile et aI., 2019 53 electrode can make full use of the high porosity and active nanoparticles of nanofibers for superior performance. Our recent result has demonstrated that hydrogen production rate has been greatly improved by this self-architectured ultra porous layered perovskite PBSCF steam electrode 43 , e.g., 0.85 A cm −2 at 1.3 V and 600°C which was increased from regular electrode (0.55 A cm −2 ).…”