“…Compounding these issues is the complexity of care within the PIC environment and inadequate knowledge of protocols and practices that directly impact the quality of patient care (Blackwood, ; Cousins & Power, ; Day et al., , ; Jacobe, Denessen, & Postma, ; Lester & Tritter, ; Mangione & Nieman, ; McGlynn & Brook, ; Moore, ). Chlan, Tracy, and Grossbach () suggested that competence and intensive care skills for the ventilated patient require specific education strategies and support. This underlying premise informed the development and validation of the ESAT©.…”