Achieving the Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Ceftriaxone Sodium Using CdS-g-C3N4 Nanocomposite under Visible Light Irradiation: RSM Modeling and Optimization

Abstract

In this research, the cadmium sulfide -graphite carbon nitride (CdS-g-C3N4) nanocomposite was synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The photocatalytic activity of asprepared nanocomposite was evaluated in the degradation of ceftriaxone sodium (CTX) antibiotic from aqueous solution under visible light irradiation. The influence of the operational variables such as the amount of photocatalyst (g/L), initial CTX concentration (mg/L), pH, and irradiation time (min) on the photodegradation process was investigated and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) -central composite design (CCD) model. The maximum degradation percentage (92.55 %) was obtained in the optimal condition, including 0.06 g/L of CdS-g-C3N4 photocatalyst, 15 mg/L of CTX, pH= 10.5, and irradiation time = 81 min. The efficient photocatalytic performance of CdS-g-C3N4 nanocomposite is due to the appropriate alignment of energy levels between the CdS and g-C3N4, which synergistically impact the charge separation and the degradation efficiency of CTX. The kinetics of the photocatalytic degradation process was well described by Langmuir-Hinshelwood's pseudo-first-order model (kapp = 0.0336 min -1 ).

Study of the mechanism pathway of sulfasalazine degradation on a novel quadripartite visible-light-driven photocatalyst

“…The major problem efficiency in the heterogeneous photodegradation is the e/h recombination, and thus, when it is relatively high the overall efficiency of the process can be drastically low (AlSalhi, Sakthisabarimoorthi, Devanesan, Martin Britto Dhas, & Jose, 2019). This drawback can be overcame critically by various techniques including converting the semiconductor to nanoscale (Ahmad et al, 2021;da Silva, Druzian, Oviedo, Muraro, & Oviedo, 2021), supporting on various supports (Nguyen Phuoc, Le, Pham, & Le, 2021;Rahman, El-Kamash, & Hung, 2022;Tehubijuluw, Subagyo, Kusumawati, & Prasetyoko, 2022), coupling of two or more semiconducting materials or construction of heterojunction systems or co-catalysts (Adenuga, Skosana, Tichapondwa, & Chirwa, 2021;AttariKhasraghi, Zare, Mehrizad, Modirshahla, & Behnajady, 2021;Gulino et al, 2021;Piriyanon et al, 2021;Sun, Zhan, Chen, & Lin, 2021), doped systems with metals/non-metals species (Alamro, Mostafa, Abu Al-Ola, Ahmed, & Toghan, 2021;Manda et al, 2022), etc. Thus, coupling of nano scale semiconductors was used to enhance the photocatalytic activity of Cu 2 O, CdS, BiVO 4 , and WO 3 in this work.…”

G-C3N4/Ag@CoWO4: A novel sunlight active ternary nanocomposite for potential photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B dye

“…Recently, profound consideration has been gained by carbon-containing compounds for their significant impact as components in admiration of different conservational applications [19]. For example the use of zeolite-based semiconductor photocatalysts [5,8,20], polyaniline based composite material [21], MWCNTs and carbon nanofiber photocatalysts [22,23], graphitic carbon nitride based composite materials [4][5][6]24], graphene oxide supported photocatalysts [10,[25][26][27][28], and doped semiconductor photocatalysts [29,30] have been used for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of various organic pollutants. The suitability of 0D, 1D, and 2D nanocarbon semiconductor composites has been specified by many scientists in perspective to their exceptional photocatalytic potential towards energy generation and in pollutant degradation [26,31].…”

A Review of Methods for Removal of Ceftriaxone from Wastewater

“…Wastewater containing such complex components becomes difficult to treat [ 7 , 8 ]. Their high solubility in aqueous systems, longer half-life [ 9 ], and low biodegradability [ 10 ] makes them accumulate over time. Ceftriaxone (refer Figure 1 ) is a type of antibiotic used to treat a variety of bacterial illnesses.…”

“…Being an antibiotic, ceftriaxone has similar effects. Due to its widespread usage in medicine and veterinary medicine, ceftriaxone contributes significantly to environmental pollution [ 9 ].…”