Achieving Very Low PN Emissions with an Advanced Multi-Hole Injector Functionality and Adapted Spray Targeting Under High Fuel Pressure Conditions

Frottier, Cyrille; Sens, Marc; Rieß, Michael; Wigger, Malte; Benz, Andreas; Maekawa, Noriyuki; Onishi, Kōji; Oryoji, Kazuhiro; Machida, Keiichi

doi:10.4271/2014-01-2605

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Injecting the fuel with a higher rail pressure leads to formation of smaller droplets in the spray, and therefore faster evaporation and improved mixing, which in turn mitigates PN formation. The relation between improved spray atomisation and reduced PN has been reported by several authors, for instance by Frottier et al 31 Also, since the start of injection was the same for all the cases, the shorter injection duration which comes with higher injection pressure means that the injection is ended when piston is further from the injector/spray, and therefore the likeliness of piston surface wetting, which can result in liquid fuel film deposition 32 is reduced. Formation of such fuel film is a major contributor to PN as liquid fuel film may not fully evaporate and mix with the charge prior to start of combustion, often leading to pool fire or locally fuel rich pockets in the mixture and thus soot formation.…”

Section: Part 2: Effect Of Fuel Composition On Pm Characterisation Ansupporting

confidence: 58%

“…If the fuel is hard to evaporate, locally rich pockets are formed in the charge and near the wetted surface, increasing PN. 31,42 Since the Reference fuel has no advantage on the physical side (in this case in terms of mixture formation), it appears reasonable to attribute the lower PN tendency to its chemical composition. The large impact of the fuel aromatic contents on PN emissions is well known.…”

Section: Part 2: Effect Of Fuel Composition On Pm Characterisation Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating the impact of gasoline composition on PN in GDI engines using an improved measurement method

Bokor

Rohani

Humphries

et al. 2020

International Journal of Engine Research

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An experimental investigation was carried out to investigate Particulate Number (PN) emissions from a modern, small-capacity Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engine. The first part of the study focused on improving measurement repeatability using the Cambustion DMS-500 device. Results showed that sampling near the exhaust valve – while dampening the pressure oscillations in the sampling line – can significantly improve the repeatability. It was also found that uncontrolled phenomena such as deposition in the exhaust system from earlier engine operation can undermine the accuracy of measurements taken at tailpipe level. The second part of the work investigated PN emissions from three types of gasoline fuel, Pump-grade, Performance and Reference. Fuel chemical composition was found to have an appreciable impact on PN, but the magnitude of this effect differs in various operating points, being more pronounced at higher engine load. The Reference fuel was found to have the lowest PN emission tendency, conceivably because of its lower aromatics, olefins and heavy hydrocarbons content. A sweep of operating parameters showed that higher injection pressure reduces PN, but the extent of the reduction depends on fuel physical properties such as volatility.

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Section: Part 2: Effect Of Fuel Composition On Pm Characterisation Ansupporting

confidence: 58%

Section: Part 2: Effect Of Fuel Composition On Pm Characterisation Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the impact of gasoline composition on PN in GDI engines using an improved measurement method

Bokor

Rohani

Humphries

et al. 2020

International Journal of Engine Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Frottier et al [5] showed the effect of fuel rail pressure increase, they demonstrated a clear improvement in atomization, which led to clearly reduced PN emissions in the highway driving part of the NEDC. Kramer et al [24] found that reduced spray penetration is possible by using shorter injection durations, at a higher fuel pressure.…”

Section: System Pressurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Frottier et al [5] achieved all of the above by increasing the number of injector holes and operating at high injection pressures. This resulted in each spray plume being shorter, decreasing the wall impingement probability.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

A Review of the Requirements for Injection Systems and the Effects of Fuel Quality on Particulate Emissions from GDI Engines

Leach

Knorsch

Laidig

et al. 2018

SAE Technical Paper Series

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Particulate emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines have been an important topic of recent research interest due to their known environmental effects. This review paper will characterise the influence of different gasoline direct injection fuel systems on particle number (PN) emissions. The findings will be reviewed for engine and vehicle measurements with appropriate driving cycles (especially real driving cycles) to evaluate effects of the fuel injection systems on PN emissions. Recent technological developments alongside the trends of the influence of system pressure and nozzle design on injector tip wetting and deposits will be considered. Besides the engine and fuel system it is known that fuel composition will have an important effect on GDI engine PN emissions. The evaporation qualities of fuels have a substantial influence on mixture preparation, as does the composition of the fuel itself. Recently a number of studies have attempted to link fuel composition with PN emissions, developing a variety of indices including the PM index (Aikawa et al.) and the PN index (Leach et al.). An extensive literature search has been carried out and the PN index evaluated against these data. In addition the PM index and PN index are compared. The results of the review show that the Aikawa index should be applied when the fuel quality is known by lab reports, whereas the Leach index is relevant when only minimal information about a fuel is known, even the latter giving a relatively good prediction of PN emission trends from fuels in GDI engines.

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Breakup characteristics of high speed liquid jets from a single-hole injector

Meinhart

Petersen

et al. 2021

Fuel

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Achieving Very Low PN Emissions with an Advanced Multi-Hole Injector Functionality and Adapted Spray Targeting Under High Fuel Pressure Conditions

Cited by 5 publications

References 4 publications

Investigating the impact of gasoline composition on PN in GDI engines using an improved measurement method

Investigating the impact of gasoline composition on PN in GDI engines using an improved measurement method

A Review of the Requirements for Injection Systems and the Effects of Fuel Quality on Particulate Emissions from GDI Engines

Breakup characteristics of high speed liquid jets from a single-hole injector

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