Acid–base and electrolyte balance following administration of three crystalloid solutions in dogs undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery

West, Ellie; Pettitt, Rob; Jones, R. S.; Cripps, Peter; Mosing, Martina

doi:10.1111/vaa.12021

Cited by 23 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(66 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…As described above, a crystalloid's SID if , the rate and total volume of fluid administered, and metabolism of organic anions present in the fluid are the principal determinants of the solution's effect on plasma pH. A lower infusion rate (10 mL/kg/h) of 0.9% NaCl, Hartmann's solution, or a polyionic glucose‐free maintenance solution for 2 hours (total volume = 20 mL/kg) to 60 normal dogs, for example, produced no significant differences in plasma electrolytes, total protein, plasma volume, SIG, or pH . The infusion of 30 mL/kg/h LRS (273 mOsm/L) for 1 hour consistently decreased packed cell volume (PCV), total protein (TP), albumin, colloid osmotic pressure (COP), and extracellular tonicity in the plasma of healthy isoflurane‐anesthetized dogs but did not change plasma pH or lactate concentrations .…”

Section: The Acid‐base Effects Of Intravenous Fluid Therapymentioning

confidence: 98%

Effect of Intravenously Administered Crystalloid Solutions on Acid‐Base Balance in Domestic Animals

Muir

2017

Veterinary Internal Medicne

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Intravenous fluid therapy can alter plasma acid-base balance. The Stewart approach to acid-base balance is uniquely suited to identify and quantify the effects of the cationic and anionic constituents of crystalloid solutions on plasma pH. The plasma strong ion difference (SID) and weak acid concentrations are similar to those of the administered fluid, more so at higher administration rates and with larger volumes. A crystalloid's in vivo effects on plasma pH are described by 3 general rules: SID > [HCO yields no change in plasma pH. The in vitro pH of commercially prepared crystalloid solutions has little to no effect on plasma pH because of their low titratable acidity. Appreciation of IV fluid composition and an understanding of basic physicochemical principles provide therapeutically valuable insights about how and why fluid therapy can produce and correct alterations of plasma acid-base equilibrium. The ideal balanced crystalloid should (1) ; (2) maintain or normalize acid-base balance (provide an appropriate SID); and (3) be isosmotic and isotonic (not induce inappropriate fluid shifts) with normal plasma.

show abstract

Section: The Acid‐base Effects Of Intravenous Fluid Therapymentioning

confidence: 98%

Effect of Intravenously Administered Crystalloid Solutions on Acid‐Base Balance in Domestic Animals

Muir

2017

Veterinary Internal Medicne

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In that study 9 of 37 dogs developed hyperkalaemia, and interestingly one dog was excluded before starting the study as an unexplained hyperkalaemia of 7.9 mmol/l was identified after induction of general anaesthesia despite normal values before anaesthesia 15. The dog described in this case was given 0.9 per cent NaCl at 5 ml/kg/hour during the first anaesthetic and the same rate of Hartmann’s solution during the second.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeated hyperkalaemia during two separate episodes of general anaesthesia in a nine-year-old, female neutered greyhound

McFadzean¹,

MacFarlane²,

Khenissi³

et al. 2018

Vet Rec Case Rep

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

There is an increasing awareness of the development of hyperkalaemia during anaesthesia in otherwise healthy veterinary patients. In the human literature 63 per cent of in-hospital hyperkalaemic episodes are associated with drug administration. Anecdotal veterinary reports have suggested that a genetic component may also play a role, with greyhounds seemingly more susceptible to the development of hyperkalaemia under anaesthesia. This case report identifies the repeated development of hyperkalaemia, and its treatment, during two separate episodes of general anaesthesia in a nine-year-old, female neutered greyhound. The first episode of hyperkalaemia (7.89 mmol/l) was identified due to bradycardia and second-degree atrioventricular block on electrocardiogram. Treatment was with intravenous calcium gluconate, insulin, glucose and fluid therapy. The second episode (6.60 mmol/l) was associated with spiked T-waves, and treatment was with insulin and glucose infusions to allow completion of the anaesthetic and surgery. Possible causes and treatments are discussed, and the need for reporting of such cases is highlighted.

show abstract

“…The drop in the chloride concentration could have been due to the increase in plasma bicarbonate, whereby the plasma attempts to maintain electrical neutrality by excreting chloride [ 5 – 7 , 12 , 39 ]. At the rate of administration used it is unlikely that the infused physiological saline increased sodium or chloride concentrations in the plasma of the impala, as reported in healthy dogs [ 40 ]. The decreased total weak acids (Atot) over time was attributed to the decrease in albumin and globulin concentrations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood acid-base status in impala (Aepyceros melampus) immobilised and maintained under total intravenous anaesthesia using two different drug protocols

Zeiler

Meyer

2017

BMC Vet Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundIn mammals, homeostasis and survival are dependent on effective trans-membrane movement of ions and enzyme function, which are labile to extreme acid-base changes, but operate efficiently within a narrow regulated pH range. Research in patients demonstrating a pH shifts outside the narrow regulated range decreased the cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance and altered the oxygen binding to haemoglobin. These cardiopulmonary observations may be applicable to the risks associated with anaesthesia and performance of wildlife ungulates on game farms. The aim of this study was to compare blood pH changes over time in impala immobilised and anaesthetised with two different drug protocols (P-TMP - immobilisation: thiafentanil-medetomidine; maintenance: propofol-ketamine-medetomidine; P-EME – immobilisation: etorphine-medetomidine; maintenance: etorphine-ketamine-medetomidine). Additionally, we discuss the resultant blood pH using both the Henderson-Hasselbalch and the Stewart approaches. Two data collection time points were defined, Time1 before maintenance of general anaesthesia and Time 2 at end of maintenance of general anaesthesia. We hypothesise that blood pH would not be different between drug protocols and would not change over time.ResultsSignificant differences were detected over time but not between the two drug protocols. Overall, the blood pH decreased over time from 7.37 ± 0.04 to 7.31 ± 0.05 (p = 0.001). Overall, over time arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide changed from 51.3 ± 7.5 mmHg to 72.6 ± 12.4 mmHg (p < 0.001); strong ion difference from 44.6 ± 2.4 mEq/L to 46.9 ± 3.1 mEq/L (p < 0.001); anion gap from 15.0 ± 3.1 mEq/L to 10.9 ± 2.2 mEq/L (p < 0.001); and total weak acids from 16.1 ± 1.2 mmol/L to 14.0 ± 1.1 mmol/L (p < 0.001). The bicarbonate changed from 29.6 ± 2.7 mEq/L to 36.0 ± 4.1 mEq/L (p < 0.001); and lactate changed from 2.9 ± 1.5 mEq/L to 0.3 ± 0.03 mEq/L (p < 0.001) over time.ConclusionsThe profound increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide that worsened during the total intravenous anaesthesia in both protocols initiated a substantial metabolic compensatory response to prevent severe acidaemia. This compensation resulted in a clinically acceptable mild acidaemic state, which worsened over time but not between the protocols, in healthy impala. However, these important compensatory mechanisms require normal physiological function and therefore when immobilising ill or anorexic wild ungulates their acid-base status should be carefully assessed.

show abstract

Acid–base and electrolyte balance following administration of three crystalloid solutions in dogs undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery

Cited by 23 publications

References 42 publications

Effect of Intravenously Administered Crystalloid Solutions on Acid‐Base Balance in Domestic Animals

Effect of Intravenously Administered Crystalloid Solutions on Acid‐Base Balance in Domestic Animals

Repeated hyperkalaemia during two separate episodes of general anaesthesia in a nine-year-old, female neutered greyhound

Blood acid-base status in impala (Aepyceros melampus) immobilised and maintained under total intravenous anaesthesia using two different drug protocols

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About