Acid–base homeostasis and derangements

Palmer, John W.

doi:10.1002/9781118928189.ch8

Cited by 3 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Approximately 20% to 25% of CO 2 binds directly to hemoglobin in red blood cells (Figure B), while only 8% to 10% dissolves in plasma (Figure C). Because of its high solubility, postnatally CO 2 is efficiently eliminated from the pulmonary circulation during expiration . In healthy nonpregnant adults, alterations in pulmonary ventilation (rate and/or tidal volume) maintain an arterial CO 2 pressure (PaCO 2 ) of 35 to 45 mmHg.…”

Section: Carbon Dioxide Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Meanwhile, H + levels are controlled by binding to plasma proteins, renal H + excretion and HCO 3 − reabsorption and H + /HCO 3 − reassociation following pulmonary CO 2 elimination. Thus, pH is tightly regulated at 7.35 to 7.45, which is essential for cellular function …”

Section: Carbon Dioxide Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conversely, metabolic acidosis results from a buildup of nonvolatile acids (eg, lactic acid during anaerobic metabolism) or excessive loss of bicarbonate. Regardless of the cause of acidosis, the brain and carotid artery chemoreceptors detect increased H + and stimulate breathing, promoting respiratory CO 2 elimination . In chronic acidosis, renal HCO 3 − reabsorption and H + excretion increase to minimize pH disturbances …”

Section: Homeostatic Response To Hypercapnia and Acidosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hypercapnic acidosis causes vasodilation of cerebral vessels thereby increasing cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure . In adults, hypercapnia decreases cerebral oxygen metabolism, alters cerebral neurotransmission, and increases markers of neuronal injury .…”

Section: Physiological Effects Of Hypercapniamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In adults, hypercapnia increases cardiac output, heart rate and risk of arrhythmia, but peripheral vasodilation limits increases in mean arterial pressure . With worsening hypercapnia and a pH below 7.2, the central response is impaired resulting in cardiac depression and bradycardia …”

Section: Physiological Effects Of Hypercapniamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Partial amniotic carbon dioxide insufflation for fetal surgery

et al. 2018

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Partial amniotic carbon dioxide insufflation (PACI) involves insufflating the amniotic sac with carbon dioxide (CO2) and, in some cases, draining some of the amniotic fluid. The creation of a gaseous intra‐amniotic compartment improves visualization, even in the presence of limited bleeding, and creates the work space required for complex fetoscopic procedures. Clinically, PACI is mostly used to perform fetoscopic myelomeningocele (MMC) repair, enabling a minimally invasive alternative to open fetal surgery. However, evidence of the fetal safety of PACI is limited. Previous animal experiments in sheep demonstrate that PACI induces fetal hypercapnia and acidosis with largely unknown short and longer term implications. In this review, we examine the literature for the physiological effects of intrauterine insufflation pressure, duration, humidity, and the role of maternal hyperventilation on fetal physiology and well‐being.

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Section: Carbon Dioxide Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Carbon Dioxide Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Homeostatic Response To Hypercapnia and Acidosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Physiological Effects Of Hypercapniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Physiological Effects Of Hypercapniamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Partial amniotic carbon dioxide insufflation for fetal surgery

et al. 2018

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The effects of partial amniotic carbon dioxide insufflation in an ovine model

et al. 2018

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What's already known about this topic? PACI enables fetoscopic myelomeningocele repair as a minimally invasive alternative to open fetal surgery. PACI causes fetal hypercapnia and acidosis in sheep. Initial clinical series of fetoscopic myelomeningocele repair using PACI was associated with high rates of PPROM and preterm birth. What does this study add? Increasing PACI pressures results in larger disturbances in fetal acid‐base and uterine blood flow. Unheated, nonhumidified PACI exposure leads to fetal membrane inflammation. Important differences in sheep and human uterine and placental structure must be considered in our study interpretation.

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Blood Gas, Acid-Base and Electrolyte Analysis in Healthy Dromedary Camel Calves up to 21 Days of Life

Osman

Probo

Monaco

et al. 2023

Animals

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The importance of prompt evaluation and care of the newborn is essential for reducing neonatal mortality, which represents a major cause of loss in camelids. This study investigated the blood gases, acid-base and electrolyte profiles in healthy dromedary calves during the first 3 weeks of life, assessing possible associations with age. Twenty-one dromedary camel calves aged 1 to 21 days were sampled, and venous whole blood analyzed through a VETSTAT® analyzer. The following parameters were measured: sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl–), hydrogen ion concentration (pH), partial pressure carbon dioxide (pCO2), partial pressure oxygen (pO2), total hemoglobin concentration (tHb), hemoglobin oxygen saturation (sO2), total carbon dioxide (tCO2), bicarbonate (HCO3–), base excess (BE) and anion gap (AG). Calves were divided in two groups; younger calves (1–10 d), and older calves (11–21 d). Statistical analysis showed an effect of age, with lower K+ (p < 0.001) and higher Na+ and Cl− (p < 0.05) mean concentrations in the younger calves compared to the older ones, and higher pCO2 and lower sO2 mean concentrations in the older group. These preliminary results firstly described the blood gas, acid-base and electrolyte profiles in the healthy dromedary calf during the first 3 weeks of age, suggesting an effect of age on some parameters.

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Acid–base homeostasis and derangements

Cited by 3 publications

References 45 publications

Partial amniotic carbon dioxide insufflation for fetal surgery

Partial amniotic carbon dioxide insufflation for fetal surgery

The effects of partial amniotic carbon dioxide insufflation in an ovine model

Blood Gas, Acid-Base and Electrolyte Analysis in Healthy Dromedary Camel Calves up to 21 Days of Life

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