Acid-base physiology and CO2 homeostasis: Regulation and compensation in response to elevated environmental CO2

Brauner, Colin J.; Shartau, Ryan B.; Damsgaard, Christian; Esbaugh, Andrew J.; Wilson, Rod W.; Grosell, Martin

doi:10.1016/bs.fp.2019.08.003

Cited by 71 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 301 publications

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“…In our study, no differences in plasma [Cl − ] were detected between CO 2 treatments at any sampling day ( Figure 6 ). As plasma [Cl − ] was very variable within each treatment and the expected changes in [Cl − ] at 2000 μatm p CO 2 relative to our control treatment would be <2 mmol/L ( Brauner et al , 2019 , Heuer et al , 2016 ), which may be below our ability to detect this change. Plasma [Cl − ] could also be affected by osmoregulatory status; however, given that no significant changes were observed, it does not appear that this CO 2 level resulted in any negative osmoregulatory effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

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Physiological resilience of pink salmon to naturally occurring ocean acidification

Frommel

Carless

Hunt

et al. 2020

Conservation Physiology

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Pacific salmon stocks are in decline with climate change named as a contributing factor. The North Pacific coast of British Columbia is characterized by strong temporal and spatial heterogeneity in ocean conditions with upwelling events elevating CO2 levels up to 10-fold those of pre-industrial global averages. Early life stages of pink salmon have been shown to be affected by these CO2 levels, and juveniles naturally migrate through regions of high CO2 during the energetically costly phase of smoltification. To investigate the physiological response of out-migrating wild juvenile pink salmon to these naturally occurring elevated CO2 levels, we captured fish in Georgia Strait, British Columbia and transported them to a marine lab (Hakai Institute, Quadra Island) where fish were exposed to one of three CO2 levels (850, 1500 and 2000 μatm CO2) for 2 weeks. At ½, 1 and 2 weeks of exposure, we measured their weight and length to calculate condition factor (Fulton’s K), as well as haematocrit and plasma [Cl−]. At each of these times, two additional stressors were imposed (hypoxia and temperature) to provide further insight into their physiological condition. Juvenile pink salmon were largely robust to elevated CO2 concentrations up to 2000 μatm CO2, with no mortality or change in condition factor over the 2-week exposure duration. After 1 week of exposure, temperature and hypoxia tolerance were significantly reduced in high CO2, an effect that did not persist to 2 weeks of exposure. Haematocrit was increased by 20% after 2 weeks in the CO2 treatments relative to the initial measurements, while plasma [Cl−] was not significantly different. Taken together, these data indicate that juvenile pink salmon are quite resilient to naturally occurring high CO2 levels during their ocean outmigration.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…To compensate for a CO 2 -induced acidosis, fish generally elevate plasma [HCO 3 − ] in exchange for [Cl − ], which is associated with net proton excretion ( Brauner et al , 2019 ). The increase in plasma [HCO 3 − ] during CO 2 exposure is matched with an equimolar reduction in plasma [Cl − ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological resilience of pink salmon to naturally occurring ocean acidification

Frommel

Carless

Hunt

et al. 2020

Conservation Physiology

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“…ml −1 , lithium heparin; Sigma-Aldrich H0878) and placed on ice. By rapidly taking blood samples with the gills submerged and disturbances to the fish minimized, caudal puncture is a valid method for assessing blood acid-base status (Brauner et al, 2019). Following this procedure, fishes were killed via cephalic concussion and cervical dislocation and tissues (0.5-1.0 g) were removed within 2-3 min, wrapped in aluminium foil and immediately flash-frozen in liquid N 2 and stored at −80°C until pH i was determined.…”

Section: Materials and Methods Animal Acquisition And Holdingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…AE). The putative mechanisms of acid-base regulation in response to CO 2 -induced respiratory acidosis are reviewed in Brauner et al (2019) and remain an exciting area of future research.…”

Section: Acid-base Regulation During Hypercarbiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When exposed to severe acute hypercarbia, fishes may experience a large reduction in blood and intracellular tissue pH (Brauner and Baker, 2009;Brauner et al, 2019). As pH changes alter protein structure and function, and ultimately will affect wholeanimal performance, acid-base regulation is one of the most tightly regulated physiological systems (Occhipinti and Boron, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preferential intracellular pH regulation is a common trait amongst fishes exposed to high environmental CO2

Shartau

Baker

Harter

et al. 2020

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Acute (<96 h) exposure to elevated environmental CO 2 (hypercarbia) induces a pH disturbance in fishes that is often compensated by concurrent recovery of intracellular and extracellular pH (pH i and pH e , respectively; coupled pH regulation). However, coupled pH regulation may be limited at CO 2 partial pressure (P CO2) tensions far below levels that some fishes naturally encounter. Previously, four hypercarbiatolerant fishes had been shown to completely and rapidly regulate heart, brain, liver and white muscle pH i during acute exposure to >4 kPa P CO2 (preferential pH i regulation) before pH e compensation was observed. Here, we test the hypothesis that preferential pH i regulation is a widespread strategy of acid-base regulation among fish by measuring pH i regulation in 10 different fish species that are broadly phylogenetically separated, spanning six orders, eight families and 10 genera. Contrary to previous views, we show that preferential pH i regulation is the most common strategy for acid-base regulation within these fishes during exposure to severe acute hypercarbia and that this strategy is associated with increased hypercarbia tolerance. This suggests that preferential pH i regulation may confer tolerance to the respiratory acidosis associated with hypercarbia, and we propose that it is an exaptation that facilitated key evolutionary transitions in vertebrate evolution, such as the evolution of air breathing.

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Elevated CO₂ levels did not induce species‐ or tissue‐specific damage in young‐of‐year salmonids

Traynor

Hasler

2023

J Aqua Anim Hlth

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Objective The broad objective of our study was to use a histological approach to examine possible tissue‐level effects of exposure to elevated CO2 in freshwater young‐of‐year salmonids. Methods To study these effects, young‐of‐year Arctic Char Salvelinus alpinus, Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, and Brook Trout S. fontinalis were exposed to either control levels of CO2 (1400 μatm) or elevated levels of CO2 (5236 μatm) for 15 days. Fish were then sampled for gill, liver, and heart tissues and histologically analyzed. Result A species effect was observed for the length of secondary lamellae, as Arctic Char had significantly shorter secondary lamellae than the other species. No notable changes within the gills and livers of Arctic Char, Brook Trout, or Rainbow Trout exposed to elevated CO2 were observed. Conclusion Generally, our results indicated that elevated CO2 levels over 15 days do not induce catastrophic tissue damage and it is unlikely that fish health would be seriously impacted. Ongoing research dedicated to examining how elevated CO2 long‐term may affect internal tissues of fish will allow for a more comprehensive understanding of how fish may fair with ongoing climate change and in aquaculture facilities.

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Acid-base physiology and CO2 homeostasis: Regulation and compensation in response to elevated environmental CO2

Cited by 71 publications

References 301 publications

Physiological resilience of pink salmon to naturally occurring ocean acidification

Physiological resilience of pink salmon to naturally occurring ocean acidification

Preferential intracellular pH regulation is a common trait amongst fishes exposed to high environmental CO2

Elevated CO₂ levels did not induce species‐ or tissue‐specific damage in young‐of‐year salmonids

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Acid-base physiology and CO2 homeostasis: Regulation and compensation in response to elevated environmental CO2

Cited by 71 publications

References 301 publications

Physiological resilience of pink salmon to naturally occurring ocean acidification

Physiological resilience of pink salmon to naturally occurring ocean acidification

Preferential intracellular pH regulation is a common trait amongst fishes exposed to high environmental CO2

Elevated CO2 levels did not induce species‐ or tissue‐specific damage in young‐of‐year salmonids

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Elevated CO₂ levels did not induce species‐ or tissue‐specific damage in young‐of‐year salmonids