Acid Rain and Ozone Influence Mycorrhizal Infection in Tree Seedlings

Reich, Peter B.; Stroo, Hans F.; Schoettle, Anna W.; Amundson, Ronald

doi:10.1080/00022470.1986.10466108

Cited by 41 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…When Grundman et al (1993) fumigated Zea mays plants with 15N-labelled NH3 after isolating the soil-root system from the air in the chamber, they found downward translocation of N derived from NH3 to the roots into the soil. A reduction in the formation of ectomycorrhiza by 03 has been also observed before in Pinus strobus (Reich et al, 1986) and Pinus taeda (Meier et al, 1990). The effect of 03 on mycorrhiza must be explained by changes in plant metabolism since 03 does not enter the soil surface but is immediately degraded to oxygen molecules (Turner et al, 1973).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions of elevated CO2, NH3 and O3 on mycorrhizal infection, gas exchange and N metabolism in saplings of Scots pine

Pérez-Soba¹,

Dueck²,

Puppi³

et al. 1995

Plant Soil

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Four-year-old saplings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) were exposed for 11 weeks in controlled-environment chambers to charcoal-filtered air, or to charcoal-filtered air supplemented with NH3 (40 #g m-3), O3 (110 #g m -3 during day/40 #g m -3 during night) or NH3 + O3. All treatments were carried out at ambient (350 #L L -1) and at elevated CO2 concentration (700 #L L-l). Total tree biomass, mycorrhizal infection, net CO2 assimilation (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration of the shoots and NH3 metabolization of the needles were measured. In ambient CO2 (1) gaseous NH3 decreased mycorrhizal infection, without significantly affecting tree biomass or N concentration and it enhanced the activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in one-year-old needles; (2) ozone decreased mycorrhizal infection and the activity of GS in the needles, while it increased the activity of GDH; (3) exposure to NH3 + 03 lessened the effects of single exposures to NI-I3 and 03 on reduction of mycorrhizal infection and on increase in GDH activity. Similar lessing effects on mycorrhizal infection as observed in trees exposed to N-Ha + O3 at ambient CO2, were measured in trees exposed to NH3 + 03 at elevated CO2. Exposure to elevated CO2 without pollutants did not significantly affect any of the parameters studied, except for a decrease in the concentration of soluble proteins in the needles. Elevated CO2 + NH3 strongly decreased root branching and mycorrhizal infection and temporarily stimulated Pa and gs. The exposure to elevated CO2 + NH3 + O3 also transiently stimulated Pn. The possible mechanisms underlying and integrating these effects are discussed. Elevated CO2 clearly did not alleviate the negative effects of NH3 and 03 on mycorrhizal infection. The significant reduction of mycorrhizal infection after exposure to NH3 or 03, observed before significant changes in gas exchange or growth occurred, suggest the use of mycorrhizal infection as an early indicator for NH3 and 03 induced stress.Abbreviations: D W -dry weight, FA-filtered air, FAa -filtered air at ambient CO2, FAe -filtered air at elevated CO2, F W -fresh weight, GDH-glutamate dehydrogenase, GS -glutamine synthetase, gs -stomatal conductance, Pn -net CO2 assimilation, RWR-root weight ratio, SRL -specific root length.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions of elevated CO2, NH3 and O3 on mycorrhizal infection, gas exchange and N metabolism in saplings of Scots pine

Pérez-Soba¹,

Dueck²,

Puppi³

et al. 1995

Plant Soil

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“…If, in a natural environment, mycorrhization of Scots pine is impaired, e.g. by acidic deposition (Reich et al, , 1986, ozone may contribute to a pathogen-mediated decline syndrome through the mechanisms described above. These could bolster established ozone effects on primary metabolism, such as reduced photosynthesis Boyer, Houston & Jensen, 1986), altered carbon allocation with reduced partitioning of photosynthate to the roots (Reich et al, 1987;Koziol, Whatley & Shelvey, 1988;Miller, 1988;Gorissen, Joosten & Jansen, 1991), and needle loss as a final consequence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ozone effects on root‐disease susceptibility and defence responses in mycorrhizal and non‐mycorrhizal seedlings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

Bonello¹,

Heller²,

Sandermann³

1993

New Phytologist

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SUMMARYInteractions between ozone and biotic stress caused by a pathogen, Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref., in mycorrhizal [Hegeloma crustuliniforme (Bull, ex St. Am.) Quel.] and non-mycorrhizal Scots pine seedlings were investigated using a semi-axenic model system.Ozone exposure (200 nl T^ 8 h d~' for 28 d) increased disease incidence significantly, but mycorrhizal infection completely prevented this negative effect. The presence of the pathogen on the root systems was necessary for the induction of changes in the soluble and wall-bound secondary compounds of roots and needles; ozone alone did not induce such changes. Mycorrhizal infection appeared to have a dampening effect on the induction of these compounds.H. annosum induced a significant accumulation of the two pine stilbenes both locally and systemically in the more susceptible seedlings. In these seedlings ozone had a significant positive effect on the accumulation of both stilbenes in the roots, but it reduced pinosylvin and had no effect on pinosylvin 3-methyl ether in the needles. The catechin content of the roots decreased in the same infected seedlings, but to a larger degree upon ozone treatment. One compound of as yet unknown structure accumulated gradually in the infected roots over the experimental period, and could thus be associated with resistance. Its accumulation was little affected by ozone treatment. Among the root cell wall-bound phenolics analyzed, only lignin-like material showed significant changes. The presence of the pathogen was again necessary for induction, but ozone had an inhibitory effect on this response.Pure pinosylvin applied through the hypocotyls of excised seedlings was shown to be phytotoxic, with the needles displaying discoloration and wilting as observed after pathogenic inoculation, and being characterized by a lower chlorophyll content and increased transpiration. Accumulation of pinosylvin in the needles was detected at amounts comparable to those found in the main experiment.

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“…Reduced photosynthesis (Reich, 1985), changes in allocation patterns (Cooley and Mauning, 1987) and alterations in needles (Ebel et al, 1990;Sutinen et al, 1990;Evans and Leonard, 1991;McQuattie and Schier, 1993) (1986), Schier (1987, 1992), Stroo et al (1988) and Edwards and Kelly (1992) observed this fact in several Pinus species. In a similar way, mycorrhizal colonization was inhibited in Quercus rubra seedlings by high levels of sulphur dioxide (Reich et al, 1986 (Darrall, 1989). The formation of free radicals, ie, molecules with unpaired electrons, and radical-chain mechanisms seem to be involved in this process (Weigel et al, 1989;Elstner and Osswald, 1991 Dighton, 1988;Dighton and Jansen, 1991 (1987,1992) (Dighton and Skeffington, 1987;Markkola and Ohtonen, 1988;Meier et al, 1989; Dighton and Jansen, 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%