Acid Water-ground Nano-realgar Is Superior to Crude Realgar in Promoting Apoptosis of MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells

Xi, Juan; Fang, Jia-Hui; Xiong, Xiao-Mei; Gui, Chun; Wang, Yu-Xue; Zhang, Xiu-Qiao

doi:10.1007/s11596-022-2605-5

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…A recent study drew attention to the fact that if nanoparticulate realgar is prepared via ball-milling in an aerial atmosphere, then a significant amount of ATO is generated, which impacts the biological activity of the material. If that nanoparticulate realgar is, however, subsequently ground and rinsed with acidic water, the level of ATO contamination is drastically reduced and the effects of this contamination on the growth of cultured cancer cells is reduced [26]. The influence of nanoparticle size on cellular response has yet to be systematically studied, but cultured cells treated with 6 nm diameter realgar nanoparticles increased their expression of autophagy-related proteins and elicited a microscopically observable autophagic phenotype [27].…”

Section: Realgarmentioning

confidence: 99%

Realgar and arsenene nanomaterials as arsenic-based anticancer agents

Hollow

Johnstone²

2023

Current Opinion in Chemical Biology

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Section: Realgarmentioning

confidence: 99%

Realgar and arsenene nanomaterials as arsenic-based anticancer agents

Hollow

Johnstone²

2023

Current Opinion in Chemical Biology

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“…[30,31] More recently, novel hydrophilic realgar preparations, such as realgar transforming solution and realgar quantum dots, have shown promising therapeutic potential in models of acute myelogenous leukemia, [32] liver cancer, [33] endometrial cancer, [34] and breast cancer. [35] The antitumor mechanisms of realgar primarily include the inhibition of tumor growth by suppressing DNA hypermethylation [28] and metabolic reprogramming via the phosphatidylin-ositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. [31] Realgar may induce tumor cell apoptosis by directly inhibiting the activities of reductases and peroxidases, resulting in the accumulation of abundant reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of p53, [33][34][35] and induction of multilineage differentiation, including granulocytic, erythroid, and megakaryocytic differentiation.…”

Section: Protective Effects On the Central Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[35] The antitumor mechanisms of realgar primarily include the inhibition of tumor growth by suppressing DNA hypermethylation [28] and metabolic reprogramming via the phosphatidylin-ositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. [31] Realgar may induce tumor cell apoptosis by directly inhibiting the activities of reductases and peroxidases, resulting in the accumulation of abundant reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of p53, [33][34][35] and induction of multilineage differentiation, including granulocytic, erythroid, and megakaryocytic differentiation. [32] Realgar also exhibits strong activity in inducing cell cycle arrest, [34] and interruption of realgar-induced G2/M progression is initiated through the activated Gadd45A/Cdc2/ cyclin B pathway, [33] leading to reduced migration and invasion of tumor cells.…”

Section: Protective Effects On the Central Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Realgar toxicity in terms of its chemical characterization, pharmacological mechanisms, and metabolic profile: A review

Yi,

Li,

Zhao

et al. 2023

Sci Tradit Chin Med

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Realgar is an arsenic-containing Chinese medicine known for its toxin-removing, phlegm-dispelling, and malaria-intercepting effects. It has proven to be effective in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. However, because of the harmful nature of arsenic to human health, realgar is considered a “poison” in many countries, raising concerns about the toxicity and safety of realgar and its preparations. The Shuifei process (grinding with water) of realgar plays a crucial role in ensuring its safety as a Chinese medicine. The major ingredient of realgar, As4S4, is water insoluble and poorly absorbed by the human body. Therefore, it is important to note that the toxicity and health risks of realgar to humans are overestimated by solely considering the amount of arsenic. Realgar processing is an indispensable method to ensure the quality of medicinal realgar, involving purification, powdering, detoxification, and synergism. This article not only highlights possible mechanisms through which realgar exerts pharmacological effects but also reviews the literature regarding its toxic features and potential mechanisms. Currently, realgar toxicity research primarily relies on animal experiments, and clinical data on its adverse reactions are relatively limited. The toxicity of arsenic is closely related to the form and valence of its major metabolites in the body. Animal studies have confirmed that, when realgar enters the body, the major form of arsenic metabolized is dimethylarsenic acid; therefore, it was considered that the toxicity of realgar induced by high doses might be associated with the accumulation of dimethylarsenic acid produced in the methylation pathway of inorganic arsenic. Realgar is generally less toxic when used in safe doses, but prolonged use may pose a significant risk. It is rarely used alone and is often combined with other Chinese medicines in an attempt to reduce toxicity. Scientifically and reasonably limiting the arsenic content of realgar-containing Chinese patent medicines is an effective way to improve the safety of realgar in clinical medication.

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“… 13 Nano-realgar can improve its bioavailability and cell uptake rate, and the effect of nano-realgar is better than ordinary realgar at the same dose. 14 It is widely used in clinical practice because of its excellent stability, high drug loading rate, good sustained drug release profile, and solubility of drug and bioavailability. 15 Previous studies have found that nano-drugs can interact with the plasma membrane in the extracellular environment and enter into the cells through endocytosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nano Parthenolide Improves Intestinal Barrier Function of Sepsis by Inhibiting Apoptosis and ROS via 5-HTR2A

Guo¹,

She²,

Tan³

et al. 2023

IJN

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Background Intestinal barrier dysfunction is an important complication of sepsis, while the treatment is limited. Recently, parthenolide (PTL) has attracted much attention as a strategy of sepsis, but whether nano parthenolide (Nano PTL) is therapeutic in sepsis-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction is obscured. Methods In this study, cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis rats and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) were used to investigate the effect of PTL on intestinal barrier dysfunction. Meanwhile, we synthesized Nano PTL and compared the protective effect of Nano PTL with ordinary PTL on intestinal barrier function in septic rats and IECs. Network pharmacology and serotonin 2A (5-HTR2A) inhibitor were used to explore the mechanism of PTL on the intestinal barrier function of sepsis. Results The encapsulation rate of Nano PTL was 95±1.5%, the drug loading rate was 11±0.5%, and the average uptake rate of intestinal epithelial cells was 94%. Ordinary PTL and Nano PTL improved the survival rate and survival time of septic rats, reduced the mean arterial pressure and the serum level of inflammatory cytokines, and protected the liver and kidney functions in vivo, and increased the value of transmembrane resistance (TEER) reduced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis in IECs in vitro through 5-HTR2A. Nano PTL had better effect than ordinary PTL. Conclusion Ordinary PTL and Nano PTL can protect the intestinal barrier function of septic rats by inhibiting apoptosis and ROS through up-regulating 5-HTR2A, Nano PTL is better than ordinary PTL.

show abstract

Acid Water-ground Nano-realgar Is Superior to Crude Realgar in Promoting Apoptosis of MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells

Cited by 4 publications

References 33 publications

Realgar and arsenene nanomaterials as arsenic-based anticancer agents

Realgar and arsenene nanomaterials as arsenic-based anticancer agents

Realgar toxicity in terms of its chemical characterization, pharmacological mechanisms, and metabolic profile: A review

Nano Parthenolide Improves Intestinal Barrier Function of Sepsis by Inhibiting Apoptosis and ROS via 5-HTR2A

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