Acide γ-Hydroxybutyrique (GHB), γ-butyrolactone (GBL) et 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD) : revue de la littérature des aspects pharmacologiques, cliniques, analytiques et médico-légaux

Dufayet, Laurène; Bargel, Sophie; Bonnet, Anastasia; Boukerma, Arezki Khaled; Chevallier, Coralie; Evrard, Marion; Guillotin, Sophie; Loeuillet, Elodie; Paradis, Carole; Pouget, Alix Marie; Reynoard, Julien; Vaucel, Jules-Antoine

doi:10.1016/j.toxac.2022.09.004

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 155 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…GHB-gamma hydroxy butyrate-was described in the 1960s as an anesthetic, but due to its adverse effects-nausea, vomiting, and hallucinations-its use for this purpose was restricted to very specific situations such as treatment for catalepsy (Dufayet et al, 2023a(Dufayet et al, , 2023b. Two precursors were described as well: GBL-gamma butyrolactone-and 1,4-BD-1,4-butanediol-without anesthetic properties (Palmer, 2004;Tay et al, 2022).…”

Section: Prodrugs Of Ghbmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The use of prodrugs as drugs of abuse

Ponce

2024

WIREs Forensic Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Prodrugs are an important strategy for the development and design of therapeutic drugs. They involve the addition of an easily removable group (such as an ester) to a molecule in order to chemically protect it from metabolism, hydrolysis, or interaction with tissues. In the therapeutic drug market, prodrugs may reduce adverse effects, lead to more accurate tissue delivery, increase bioavailability and duration of effects. The same strategy has, however, been used in the illicit drug market. Internationally controlled drugs such as LSD, MDMA and benzodiazepines have been detected in the market with the addition of alkyl chain that can be removed in physiological conditions. Cyclical analogues may also be used, as is the case for 1cP‐LSD and GBL (a prodrug of GHB). Adequate detection requires increased care with extraction and analytical conditions—as the parent drugs may be formed as artifacts during these processes—and an in‐depth knowledge of metabolic pathways to avoid erroneous detection and allow for adequate identification of the drug used. Legislative updates may also be necessary to ensure prodrugs can be controlled at the same level as other illicit drugs.This article is categorized under: Toxicology > New Psychoactive Substances Toxicology > Drug Analysis Toxicology > Analytical

show abstract

Section: Prodrugs Of Ghbmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When ingested, GBL and 1,4-BD are quickly converted into GHB. GBL has a heterocyclic ring that is broken in a reaction catalyzed by lactonase, while 1,4-butanediol is catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase into 4-hydroxybutyraldehyde and further into GHB by aldehyde dehydrogenase (Dufayet et al, 2023a(Dufayet et al, , 2023bTay et al, 2022).…”

Section: Prodrugs Of Ghbmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of prodrugs as drugs of abuse

Ponce

2024

WIREs Forensic Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Toxicologie des drogues illicites/toxicomanie

KHELFI,

Djemili,

Bellouard

et al. 2023

Tout-en-Un De Toxicologie

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Sexual terrorism in the post-pandemic nightlife? A feminist critical discourse analysis of the needle spiking media coverage

Vale Pires

2024

Crime, Media, Culture

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In October 2021, a growing number of women denounced needle spiking occurrences in the United Kingdom. The scientific evidence demonstrates the reduced prevalence of spiking and the difficulties in proving its incidence. However, when communicating spiking stories, the media tends to reproduce harmful rape myths. By using English-written online media as sources, this study aimed to analyze and describe needle spiking stories as gendered discourses that act as sexual terrorism in post-pandemic nightlife. The author performed a web-based search through Google News to collect the data and used the feminist critical discourse framework to analyze the 213 sources and to identify the main themes. The timeline of the sources unveils the impact of the Anglocentric character of global communication in amplifying this new wave of spiking. The data revealed needle spiking as a discourse of sexual terrorism, triggering gendered anxieties by framing all women as potential victims of the ubiquitous male violence in nightlife environments. The stories of spiking analyzed uncovered the concrete social and psychological impacts of needle spiking, demonstrating that the embodiment of the fear generates and is generated by cautionary tales. These emerge as gendered discourses disciplining women to adopt anti-spiking etiquettes and reclaim contextual surveillance procedures in nightlife environments. This paper provides a comprehensive conceptualization of the phenomenological experiences and psychological impacts of needle spiking among women who participate in nightlife environments.

show abstract

Acide γ-Hydroxybutyrique (GHB), γ-butyrolactone (GBL) et 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD) : revue de la littérature des aspects pharmacologiques, cliniques, analytiques et médico-légaux

Cited by 4 publications

References 155 publications

The use of prodrugs as drugs of abuse

The use of prodrugs as drugs of abuse

Toxicologie des drogues illicites/toxicomanie

Sexual terrorism in the post-pandemic nightlife? A feminist critical discourse analysis of the needle spiking media coverage

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About