Acidosis, lactate, electrolytes, muscle enzymes, and other factors in the blood of Sus scrofa following repeated TASER® exposures

Jauchem, James R.; Sherry, C. J.; Fines, David A.; Cook, Michael

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.10.014

Cited by 79 publications

(132 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Reported cases of TASER ® induced rhabdomyolysis have been mild [5] but serious cases have also been reported [6]. While no direct link has been established between clinically significant rhabdomyolysis and TASER ® device application [7][8][9] muscle damage and subclinical elevations serum CK levels [7,10,11] are well documented. The relationship between exposure and development of rhabdomyolysis has been debated because individuals exposed to TASER ® shocks had concurrent conditions predisposing them to muscle damage [5,12].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

TASER ® Electronic Control Device- Induced Rhabdomyolysis and Renal Failure: A Case Report

Gleason

Ahmad

2015

JCDR

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Local law enforcement officers were called to an auto parts store when a 31-year-old African American male with a history of schizophrenia and hypertension complicated by medical noncompliance was frightening customers. He was reportedly "acting strange" and seemed to be "responding to internal stimuli". When law enforcement arrived to the scene the man was taken into custody and transported without difficulty to our emergency department.On arrival to the emergency department he was moving all extremities and speaking nonsensically. He was uncooperative toward staff for further evaluation including intravenous (IV) catheter placement or vital sign measurements. His agitation worsened and he became physically combative. He was given 10 mg of haloperidol and 2mg of lorazepam intramuscularly to quell his violent state but these measures were ultimately ineffective. Multiple police officers and hospital staff members tried to restrain the patient but were unsuccessful. Because he continued to exhibit violent behaviour and was unable to be physically subdued by police he received three five-second TASER ® shocks from an X26 device. After being tasered and placed in restraints the patients vital signs were obtained. He had a temperature of 36.8 0 C (98.2 0 F), blood pressure 154/109 mm Hg, heart rate 106 beats per minute, respiratory rate 26 breaths per minute. His oxygen saturation was 96% on room air. On physical exam he appeared to be a well-developed adult male in four point restraints. His pupils were equal and reactive bilaterally. He was tachycardic but did not exhibit murmurs, gallops or rubs. Lungs were clear to auscultation bilaterally. Abdomen was soft and non-distended without appreciable organomegaly. His skin was warm and dry. He exhibited no focal physical neurologic deficits but was oriented only to his own name. Two TASER ® probes were removed from between his shoulder blades by nursing staff.Laboratory data, was obtained five hours after arrival and was remarkable for a negative serum ethanol level, a negative urine drug screen, white blood cell count was 13600, haemoglobin 13.5 g/dl and haematocrit 39.6%, lactic acid was 3.6 mmol/L. A venous blood gas showed pH 7.36, PCO 2 43 mm Hg, PO 2 39 mm Hg and venous oxygen saturation 72%. Urinalysis revealed cloudy yellow urine with specific gravity of 1.018, protein 30 mg/dL and microscopy showed 1-3 wbc, 8-10 rbc per hpf. An initial metabolic panel and creatine kinase (CK) were obtained [

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

TASER ® Electronic Control Device- Induced Rhabdomyolysis and Renal Failure: A Case Report

Gleason

Ahmad

2015

JCDR

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“…The first study of blood factors after any type of ECD exposure was performed by Jauchem et al) 30 The swine as an animal model was selected for several reasons, including similarities to humans in terms of chemical and physical characteristics of blood, respiratory parameters, and responses to muscular exercise (for previous discussion, see Jauchem et al), 4,30 and the ability to use animals in a weight range similar to that of potential human subjects. Tchou 31 commented that, regarding ECD studies, ''pig model.…”

Section: Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Jauchem et al 30 reported a lack of breathing during muscle contractions caused by experimental ECD applications in anesthetized swine. In experiments of extreme repeated ECD exposures, 33 respiratory arrest was the lethal endpoint in animals that did not survive.…”

Section: Respirationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kroll 69 noted that TASER ECDs operate at a much lower pulse rate (19 pulses/s) than that which would cause full tetanus (therefore resulting in less potential muscle damage). Jauchem et al 30 presented a graph of muscle contractions caused by the TASER X26 device, to illustrate the lack of full tetanus. In another study, after only three 5-s applications of the device, there was a statistically significant increase in serum myoglobin concentration.…”

Section: Rhabdomyolysis and Muscle Enzymesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Serum levels of cardiac troponin T and I (markers of cardiac muscle damage) were not significantly increased during a variety of ECD exposures of anesthetized swine. 4,30,33 In contrast, levels of cardiac troponin commonly increase (even as high as those that are characteristic of acute myocardial infarction) in runners who have, for example, just completed marathon races. 73 Any clinical significance of such an increase is unknown.…”

Section: Rhabdomyolysis and Muscle Enzymesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Deaths in custody: Are some due to electronic control devices (including TASER® devices) or excited delirium?

Jauchem

2010

Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine

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a b s t r a c tDeaths have occurred after law-enforcement incidents involving applications of electronic control devices (ECDs) (including TASER Ò devices). An ''excited delirium" syndrome (reported in the literature prior to the development of ECDs currently in use), however, includes several factors that may be related to such deaths in custody. In this review, potential detrimental effects of ECDs are compared with possible changes due to excited delirium. Although extreme (i.e., long-duration or repeated) exposures to ECDs can result in significant hyperkalaemia, acidaemia, and myoglobinemia in animal models, limited applications (such as those normally used in law-enforcement situations) would appear to have only transient effects. In addition, the hyperthermia observed in patients with excited delirium does not seem to be directly exacerbated by ECD applications. ECD use is unlikely to be a common cause of ventricular fibrillation, but other events that are generally associated with excited delirium (e.g., drug use) may be related to subsequent ventricular fibrillation or asystole. Metabolic or respiratory acidosis may only be serious consequences of long-duration or repeated ECD applications. On the basis of current available information, factors other than ECDs themselves may be more important when death occurs after the use of ECDs.

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Frequency-dependent interaction of ultrashort E-fields with nociceptor membranes and proteins

Jiang

Cooper

2010

Bioelectromagnetics

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We examined the influence of ultrashort pulses (USP) on sensory neurons. Single and high frequency bursts of 12 ns E-fields were presented to rat skin nociceptors that expressed distinct combinations of voltage-sensitive proteins. A single E-field pulse produced action potentials in all nociceptor subtypes at a critical threshold (E(c) ) of 403 V/cm. When configured into high frequency bursts, USP charge integrated to reduce the action potential threshold in a frequency and burst duration-dependent manner with E(c) as low as 16 V/cm (4000 Hz, 25 ms burst). There was no evidence of electroporation at field intensities near the E(c) for nociceptor activation. USP bursts activated a late, persistent Ca(++) flux that was identified as a dantrolene-sensitive Ca(++) -induced Ca(++) release (CICR). Influx of Ca(++) into the cell was required for the CICR and resulted in a reduction of the single pulse E(c) by about 50%.

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Acidosis, lactate, electrolytes, muscle enzymes, and other factors in the blood of Sus scrofa following repeated TASER® exposures

Cited by 79 publications

References 33 publications

TASER ® Electronic Control Device- Induced Rhabdomyolysis and Renal Failure: A Case Report

TASER ® Electronic Control Device- Induced Rhabdomyolysis and Renal Failure: A Case Report

Deaths in custody: Are some due to electronic control devices (including TASER® devices) or excited delirium?

Frequency-dependent interaction of ultrashort E-fields with nociceptor membranes and proteins

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