In order to improve the evaluation accuracy of political classroom teaching quality in universities, a DA-BP-based evaluation method of political classroom teaching quality in universities is proposed. First of all, in constructing the teaching quality evaluation system of university political courses using the framework of behavior theory, the system consists of 4 primary indicators and 15 secondary indicators. Second, the university’s 2008–2013 annual teaching quality assessment scores for the teaching quality of political courses were used as the input data of the DA-BP network, and the 2013–2016 teaching evaluation scores were used as the algorithm’s test data. In order to test the prediction accuracy of the DA-BP algorithm, it is compared with the GA-BP algorithm, PSO-BP algorithm, and BP algorithm. The research results show that DA-BP has higher prediction accuracy than other algorithms and can better evaluate the teaching quality of political courses.