Acoustic emission health monitoring of marine renewables: Illustration with a wave energy converter in Falmouth Bay (UK)

Abstract

Abstract-Marine renewable energy (MRE) is an emerging technology and at present there are an increasing number of MRE prototypes and full-scale devices deployed. The future commercialization in the near future may contribute to the mitigation of carbon emissions and diversify the renewable electricity generation portfolio. Because of the high costs of marine intervention, it is important to establish reliable, remote monitoring techniques. The underwater sound around MRE devices is often monitored for environmental impact assessments. This approach can also be potentially utilized to monitor the engineering health of MRE devices. This is the objective of the project AEMORE (Acoustic Emission technology for environmental and engineering health Monitoring of Offshore Renewable Energy), jointly conducted by the Universities of Exeter and Bath, with J+S Ltd. Acoustic Emission (AE) monitoring is already used for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of land-based structures and devices such as wind turbines. AE allows faults and defects to be detected early in a device's lifetime, providing more time to plan and implement necessary maintenance and repair procedures to avoid catastrophic failure. This is highly desirable for MRE structures, which operate in energetic seas with tight weather access windows. This paper explores the remit for AE monitoring to SHM and maintenance planning for MRE devices and demonstrates that this novel application is principally feasible. A brief review of the state of the art of AE for land-based systems aids to illustrate how its techniques can be applied to underwater environments and MRE components. This literature review will inform a classification system that relates likely failure modes to their expected acoustic emissions. The results from previous underwater environmental studies are used to evaluate their potential for SHM of MRE structures. AE environmental data collected during the operation of the Fred Olsen Lifesaver wave energy converter at the Falmouth Bay Test site (FaBTest, SW UK) is used to demonstrate this novel application. The case study provides proof that this concept is valid for underwater SHM of marine renewable structures.

Fault Diagnosis and Condition Monitoring in Wave Energy Converters: A Review

“…As a result of this method, faults and defects can be detected early, allowing more time for maintenance and repair procedures to be planned in order to prevent catastrophic failures. In [70], the scope of acoustic emission monitoring is extended to WECs.…”

“…Furthermore, weather windows for accessing WECs for O&M activities do not always align with access needs. Consequently, it could lead to further damage and longer periods of downtime, further increasing O&M costs [70,79].…”

“…Using underwater acoustic emission as a remote condition monitoring technique for WECs is proposed in [70]. Acoustic emission occurs when potential energy is released within a material due to friction.…”

“…Acoustic emissions can produce two types of signals: impulsive or continuous signals. Diagnostic techniques typically include signal amplitudes, RMS, energy, kurtosis, crest factor, counts, events, wavelet analysis and fast Fourier transforms (FFT) according to the type of signal [70]. An advantage of this method for WECs is that sound does not attenuate as quickly in water as in air (although underwater higher frequencies attenuate faster than low frequencies).…”

Data-Driven Methodologies for Structural Damage Detection Based on Machine Learning Applications

“…Structural health systems have a wide application in countless civilian infrastructures such as bridges [24] and buildings [6]. Similarly, SHM systems have been also applied to monitor mechanical components such as fuselages helicopters [7], wind turbines installed on land [8,9] and sea (offshore) [10], aerospace equipment [11], aircraft [12], high-speed trains [13], aircraft turbines [14] and boats [15], in the same way SHM systems have been applied to marine renewable energy equipment [16]. It is noteworthy that the environmental conditions need to be considered to ensure a robust damage detection, in this sense, some works have been introduced to compensate the effects of the temperature changes [17,18].…”