“…The PAT framework encourages and advises the use of modern measurement and monitoring approaches such as the acoustic emission method (18,19), acoustic and ultrasonic characterization techniques (20)(21)(22)(23)(24), the near-infrared sensing (25), light-induced fluorescence characterization (26), Terahertz pulsed spectroscopy (27), laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (28), X-ray fluorescence method (15), and Raman spectroscopy (29) for characterization and monitoring of tablets to ensure product quality by using on-, in-, and/or at-line measurements and through timely measurements (i.e., during processing) of critical quality and performance attributes of raw and in process materials and unit operations. The effectiveness of air-coupled acoustic technique, using an aircoupled excitation source and laser interferometric detection, has been demonstrated for the nondestructive characterization of the critical mechanical properties and coating thickness of enteric-coated monolayer tablets (21,22).…”