Acoustic Feature of Barks of Ovariohysterectomized and Intact German Shepherd Bitches

Kim, Hyeon-Hee; Yeon, Seong-Chan; Houpt, Katherine-Albro; Lee, Hee-Chun; Chang, Hyuk Won; Lee, Hyojong

doi:10.1292/jvms.67.281

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…On the other end of the shyness-boldness spectrum, several studies have reported an increase in fearfulness and/or reactivity associated with gonadectomy. This included increased fearfulness in gonadectomized female Labrador Retrievers [212] and gonadectomized Vizslas of both sexes [112], as well as reactivity and vocalization in ovariectomized German Shepherd females [224,225].…”

Section: Boldness-related and Aggressive Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Desexing Dogs: A Review of the Current Literature

Urfer

Kaeberlein

2019

Animals

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Background: Desexing dogs is promoted for population control, preventative healthcare, and behavior modification. Common methods are orchiectomy and ovariectomy/ovariohysterectomy. GnRH superagonist implants are available in some areas. Alternative methods like vasectomy and salpingectomy/hysterectomy are uncommon. The terminology used to describe desexing is inconsistent and contradictory, showing a need for the adaption of standardized terminology. Population Control: Surprisingly, empirical studies show no effects of desexing on population control in companion and shelter dogs despite desexing being consistently recommended in the literature. There is evidence for a population control effect in free-roaming dogs, where desexing also has benefits on zoonotic disease and bite risk. Population control in free-roaming dogs is mostly correlated with female, not male desexing. Health and Lifespan: Desexing affects numerous disease risks, but studies commonly neglect age at diagnosis and overall lifespan, age being by far the most important risk factor for most diseases. We argue that lifespan is a more important outcome than ultimate cause of death. A beneficial effect of desexing on lifespan is consistently demonstrated in females, while evidence for a beneficial effect in males is inconsistent. Studies are likely biased in desexing being a proxy for better care and desexed dogs having already lived to the age of desexing. Desexing reduces or eliminates common life-limiting diseases of the female reproductive system such as pyometra and mammary tumors, while no analogous effect exists in males. Disease risks increases across sexes and breeds include cruciate ligament rupture, various cancers, and obesity. Urinary incontinence risk is increased in females only. Various other disease risk changes show considerable variability between breeds and sexes. Behavioral Effects: Desexed males show reduced libido, roaming, conspecific mounting, and urinary marking frequency, as well as reduced male dog-directed aggression in a majority of males desexed for behavioral reasons. There is a detrimental effect on the risk and progression of age-related cognitive dysfunction. Desexed dogs may be less likely to cause bite injuries across sexes. The evidence for other effects such as human-directed aggression, human or object mounting, resource guarding, or shyness and anxiety is inconsistent and contradictory. There are few studies specific to females or individual breeds. Conclusions: The evidence for a beneficial effect of desexing is stronger in female than in male dogs; however, there is significant variation between breeds and sexes, and more research is needed to further elucidate these differences and to arrive at individualized evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice.

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Section: Boldness-related and Aggressive Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Desexing Dogs: A Review of the Current Literature

Urfer

Kaeberlein

2019

Animals

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“…In one study, ovariohysterectomised female German shepherd dogs were more reactive to the presence of unfamiliar humans and dogs and barked more than intact females (Kim et al., 2005). In a later study of the same group, reactivity scores were assigned to intact and ovariohysterectomised German shepherd dogs, when an unfamiliar human leading an unknown dog approached.…”

Section: Health Detriments Of Sterilisation With Loss Of Reproductive...mentioning

confidence: 99%

WSAVAguidelines for the control of reproduction in dogs and cats

Romagnoli,

Krekeler,

de Cramer

et al. 2024

J of Small Animal Practice

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2.1.3.1.2. Prevention and treatment of complications associated with prescrotal orchiectomy in dogs 2.1.3.1.3. Scrotal orchiectomy in dogs 2.1.3.1.4. Orchiectomy in dogs with scrotal ablation 2.1.3.2. Orchiectomy in dogs with cryptorchid testes 2.1.3.2.1. Cryptorchidectomy of an extra-inguinal testis 2.1.3.2.2. Cryptorchidectomy of an inguinal testis 2.1.3.2.3. Ventral midline laparotomy for cryptorchidectomy of an intra-abdominal testis 2.1.3.2.4. Laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy in dogs 2.1.4. Male cats 2.1.4.1. Orchiectomy in cats with descended testes 2.1.4.1.1. Scrotal orchiectomy in cats 2.1.4.2. Orchiectomy in cats with cryptorchid testes 2.1.4.2.1. Cryptorchidectomy of an extra-inguinal testis 2.1.4.2.2. Cryptorchidectomy of an inguinal testis 2.1.4.2.3. Ventral midline laparotomy for cryptorchidectomy of an intra-abdominal testis 2.2. Surgical sterilisation of dogs and cats with preservation of gonadal hormones 2.

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“…Neutering has been suggested to impact behaviour in female dogs by many authors (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). However, considerable variation between study populations and methodology, alongside contradictory findings, make associations unclear for many behaviours.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Prospective Cohort Study Investigating the Behavioural Development of Bitches in a Guide Dog Training Programme Neutered Prepubertally or Post-Pubertally

et al. 2022

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There are few studies that investigate the effect of neutering bitches before or after puberty. The majority of current literature examining the impact of the timing of neutering on health and behaviour has used age rather than the onset of puberty as the key variable. The aim of this prospective cohort study was to investigate the effects of timing of neutering in relation to puberty on behaviour in female dogs reared and trained in an assistance dog programme. The study examined data for bitches neutered before or after puberty to compare scores for six behavioural factors (training and obedience, aggression, fear and anxiety, excitability, attachment and attention-seeking, and social behaviour) measured at 1 and 3 years of age. Labrador and Golden Retriever crossbreed bitches were neutered before (n = 155) or after (n = 151) puberty. Neutering before or after puberty had no impact on mean scores for the six behavioural factors at 1 or 3 years of age. When examining the change in behavioural factor scores between 1 and 3 years of age, only aggression behavioural factor scores were influenced by neutering before or after puberty. Bitches neutered after puberty were less likely to have aggression factor scores that increased between 1 and 3 years of age (OR = 0.959, 90% CI = 0.924 to 0.995, p = 0.06). However, the majority of bitches scored “0” for aggression at both time points (indicating no aggression behaviours were observed), and the number of bitches for which scores increased between 1 and 3 years of age was low (before puberty = 20, after puberty = 9). This is consistent with very mild aggressive behaviours being observed in a small number of animals and is, therefore, of questionable concern. The results suggest that, for Labrador and Golden Retriever crossbreed bitches, neutering before or after puberty has little to no effect on future behaviour. It is recommended that decisions about the timing of neutering are not informed solely by impacts on behaviour, but that they also consider evidence relating to the impacts on bitch health and well-being.

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Acoustic Feature of Barks of Ovariohysterectomized and Intact German Shepherd Bitches

Cited by 8 publications

References 8 publications

Desexing Dogs: A Review of the Current Literature

Desexing Dogs: A Review of the Current Literature

WSAVAguidelines for the control of reproduction in dogs and cats

A Prospective Cohort Study Investigating the Behavioural Development of Bitches in a Guide Dog Training Programme Neutered Prepubertally or Post-Pubertally

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