Acoustic nonlinearity parameter measurements in a pulse-echo setup with the stress-free reflection boundary

Jeong, Hyunjo; Cho, Sungjong; Zhang, Shuzeng; Li, Xiongbing

doi:10.1121/1.5029299

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…We already developed the measurement procedure to determine material nonlinearity in the pulse-echo method using a single element transducer and a dual element transducer [29,36,37]. The current work is the extension of our previous work on the dual element transducer approach.…”

Section: Summary Of Optimization Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second harmonic wave is produced due to material nonlinearity when the finite amplitude fundamental wave radiates from the transmitter and propagates in the solid. The related acoustic fields for a single element circular transducer have been derived previously [26,36,37]. In this section, we briefly present the mathematical equations to calculate the received acoustic fields when a phased array transducer composed of four ring elements radiates a finite amplitude longitudinal wave.…”

Section: Sound Beam Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimal Design of Annular Phased Array Transducers for Material Nonlinearity Determination in Pulse–Echo Ultrasonic Testing

2020

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Nonlinear ultrasound has been proven to be a useful nondestructive testing tool for micro-damage inspection of materials and structures operating in harsh environment. When measuring the nonlinear second harmonic wave in a solid specimen in the pulse–echo (PE) testing mode, the stress-free boundary characteristics brings the received second harmonic component close to zero. Therefore, the PE method has never been employed to measure the so-called “nonlinear parameter (β)”, which is used to quantify the degree of micro-damage. When there are stress-free boundaries, a focused beam is known to improve the PE reception of the second harmonic wave, so phased-array (PA) transducers can be used to generate the focused beam. For the practical application of PE nonlinear ultrasonic testing, however, it is necessary to develop a new type of PA transducer that is completely different from conventional ones. In this paper, we propose a new annular PA transducer capable of measuring β with improved second harmonic reception in the PE mode. Basically, the annular PA transducer (APAT) consists of four external ring transmitters and an internal disk receiver at the center. The focused beam properties of the transducers are analyzed using a nonlinear sound beam model which incorporates the effects of beam diffraction, material attenuation, and boundary reflection. The optimal design of the APAT is performed in terms of the maximum second harmonic reception and the total correction close to one, and the results are presented in detail.

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Section: Summary Of Optimization Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sound Beam Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Design of Annular Phased Array Transducers for Material Nonlinearity Determination in Pulse–Echo Ultrasonic Testing

2020

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“…The FZP transmitter is composed of N multiple elements. The SHG process described here is based on the quasilinear theory [18,19] and the total SHG is therefore given by adding the contribution from self-interaction of the fundamental wave in each element. In Figure 1b, v1false(jfalse) is the propagating fundamental wave of frequency f due to j th element radiation.…”

Section: Design Concept Of Fzp Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Fresnel Zone Plate Focused Beam to Optimized Sensor Design for Pulse-Echo Harmonic Generation Measurements

Jeong

Shin

Zhang

et al. 2019

Sensors

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In nonlinear acoustic measurements involving reflection from the stress-free boundary, the pulse-echo method could not be used because such a boundary is known to destructively change the second harmonic generation (SHG) process. The use of a focusing acoustic beam, however, can improve SHG after reflection from the specimen boundary, and nonlinear pulse-echo methods can be implemented as a practical means of measuring the acoustic nonlinear parameter (β) of solid specimens. This paper investigates the optimal sensor design for pulse-echo SHG and β measurements using Fresnel zone plate (FZP) focused beams. The conceptual design of a sensor configuration uses separate transmission and reception, where a broadband receiver is located at the center and a four-element FZP transmitter is positioned outside the receiver to create a focused beam at the specified position in a solid sample. Comprehensive simulations are performed for focused beam fields analysis and to determine the optimal sensor design using various combinations of focal length, receiver size and frequency. It is shown that the optimally designed sensors for 1 cm thick aluminum can produce the second harmonic amplitude and the uncorrected nonlinear parameter corresponding to the through-transmission method. The sensitivity of the optimal sensors to the changes in the designed sound velocity is analyzed and compared between the odd- and even-type FZPs.

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“…Li et al [28] presented analytical and experimental techniques for absolute determination of the acoustic nonlinearity parameter (β) in fluids using focused transducers. More recently, Jeong et al [29] described the acoustic nonlinearity parameter (β) determination for fluids using a pulse-echo method with the stress-free boundary.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Configuration to Determine the Nonlinear Parameter β in PMMA and CFRP with the Finite Amplitude Method

Callejas

Rus

2019

Sensors

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Parameters to measure nonlinearity in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials have been determined with nonlinear ultrasound (NLUS). The nonlinear parameter β has been determined using the variation of the Finite Amplitude Method (FAM) with harmonic generation. Using this as a reference, the first contribution of this work consists of deducting the experimental configuration necessary to measure this nonlinear parameter in a correct and feasible way. Excitation level, frequency of the wave generated, number of cycles analysed and the distances transducer-specimen and specimen-hydrophone have been determined in both materials. The second contribution is a semi-analytical model that allows to obtain the nonlinear parameter in materials by removing water contribution and considering geometric and viscous attenuation, using the data obtained in an immersion tank. Finally, an application of this model has been carried out in PMMA in order to determinate the nonlinear parameter in this material. From the results, we confirm that the configuration determined in this paper to obtain the parameter β decreases the noise in the measurements.

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Acoustic nonlinearity parameter measurements in a pulse-echo setup with the stress-free reflection boundary

Cited by 15 publications

References 18 publications

Optimal Design of Annular Phased Array Transducers for Material Nonlinearity Determination in Pulse–Echo Ultrasonic Testing

Optimal Design of Annular Phased Array Transducers for Material Nonlinearity Determination in Pulse–Echo Ultrasonic Testing

Application of Fresnel Zone Plate Focused Beam to Optimized Sensor Design for Pulse-Echo Harmonic Generation Measurements

Experimental Configuration to Determine the Nonlinear Parameter β in PMMA and CFRP with the Finite Amplitude Method

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