Acquired tetracycline resistance genes by transposons and virulence factors in enterococci recovered from overland and aquatic animals: A systematic review

Abstract

Enterococci possess a high propensity to spread their resistance genes between intra-and inter-species via mobile genetic elements. Potential reservoirs for acquiring antibiotic resistance genes by commensal and environmental bacteria, including enterococci, have raised significant public health concerns over recent decades. This concern is further complicated by the rampant use of tetracyclines in aquaculture and animals for therapeutic and chemoprophylactic purposes. This systematic review was conducted to elucidate the occurrence of tetracycline-resistant enterococcal species, their resistomes and virulence determinants in faecal samples of aquatic and overland animals. The PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect and Scopus databases were searched to retrieve relevant studies that matched the specific keywords. A total of 19 low-bias studies were included. It was found that several tetracycline resistance genes such as tet(M), tet(L), and tet(M + L) genes encode for the ribosomal protection protein or for the efflux mechanism of tetracyclines in E. faecium, E. faecalis, E. hirae, E. durans, E. gallinarium and E. casseliflavus. Additionally, tet(M) and tet(M + L) or tet(M) genes were associated with transposons Tn916 and/or Tn5397 or Tn1545 plus Tn916, respectively. The acquisition of tet(M) and tet(M + L) genes may be assisted by transposons Tn916 and/or Tn5397 or Tn1545 plus Tn916. In conclusion, tetracycline-resistant enterococci recovered from aquatic and overland animals could further complicate the management of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in both humans and animals. Thus, a concerted, multisectoral and transdisciplinary approach (One Health) is needed for active surveillance to be exacted and for better public health measures to be initiated in the future.

Systematic Review on the Positive Mental Health Impact of Older Adults Participation in Horticultural Activities in Long Term Care Facilities

“…This systematic review strictly followed the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews [19][20][21]. This systematic literature review obtained IRB approval (No.…”

The zoonotic pathogen Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica – current findings from a clinical and genomic perspective

“…Surprisingly, tetracycline resistance genes in particular were found to be associated with mobile genetic elements such as the tetA (H)-carrying plasmid [ 68 ] and tetR and tetC encoded by Tn 10 [ 8 ]. Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is widely used in human and veterinary medicine to treat bacterial infections due to its low price and limited side effects [ 98 – 100 ]. Moreover it has been added to animal feed as a growth promoter [ 98 , 99 ].…”

“…Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is widely used in human and veterinary medicine to treat bacterial infections due to its low price and limited side effects [ 98 – 100 ]. Moreover it has been added to animal feed as a growth promoter [ 98 , 99 ]. A recent systematic review showed that there is still continuous contamination with tetracyclines in both aquatic and terrestrial animals, leading to selection pressure on antibiotic-resistant bacteria [ 98 ] and by that to an alarming rise in antibiotic resistance to tetracycline [ 101 ].…”

“…Moreover it has been added to animal feed as a growth promoter [ 98 , 99 ]. A recent systematic review showed that there is still continuous contamination with tetracyclines in both aquatic and terrestrial animals, leading to selection pressure on antibiotic-resistant bacteria [ 98 ] and by that to an alarming rise in antibiotic resistance to tetracycline [ 101 ]. As stated above, there is an increasing incidence of drug resistance within the W. chitiniclastica clade, most likely acquired through horizontal gene transfer.…”

Validity and Reliability of a Questionnaire on the Knowledge, Attitudes, Perceptions and Practices toward Food Poisoning among Malaysian Secondary School Students: A Pilot Study

“…Improper food preparation and storage and poor personal hygiene are among the main contributing factors [ 13 ]. Moreover, the infectious agents of food poisoning might originate from humans, animals, or animal products [ 14 , 15 ]. Considering children and young adolescents are more likely to be involved in risky or unhygienic food handling practices and would exclusively spend their mealtime in school canteens, the risk of food poisoning is extremely high [ 16 , 17 ].…”