“…EM have free placement within sentences, some stylistic peculiarities and fulfil different pragmatic functions. In RUS, the number of EM expressing certainty and uncertainty is almost equal, while in EST, uncertainty markers prevail and EM of middle degree are much more numerous (Kazakovskaya, Argus 2016). One can conclude then, that the so-called cultural schema of expressing (un)certainty in the three languages under observation looks quite similar, where the primary functions of EM are concerned, and bigger differences occur in secondary functions, in terms of diversity and frequency.…”