Acrylic acid γ‐ray irradiation‐grafted nylon 4 membranes

Abstract

SYNOPSISThis study was to improve the performances of nylon 4 membranes for washing wastewater treatment of nuclear power plants, e.g., removal of detergent and salt by membranes. The effects of the degree of grafting and ionization on the reverse osmosis performances of acrylic acid ( AA) -grafted nylon 4 membranes by y-ray irradiation modification were investigated. The relationships of operating conditions, such as feed concentrations of salt and detergent, operating temperature, and pressure, and the performances of water flux and solute rejection of the prepared membranes were obtained. Water flux of the prepared membranes was highly sensitive with the operating temperature. It was found that an increase in the operating pressure could increase the water flux and the impaction effect directly. Water flux and salt rejection were significantly improved by both ionized and nonionized AA-grafted nylon 4 membranes compared to ungrafted nylon 4 membranes. Water flux increased rapidly and solute rejection dropped off slightly as the grafted membranes were ionized. The 100% detergent rejection could be obtained by the nonionized AA-grafted nylon 4 membranes with 38.6 and 69.6% degrees of grafting under various operating conditions. Results obtained showed that these modified nylon 4 membranes were usable for washing waste-water treatment of nuclear power plants. 0

Comparative Study between Sulfonation and Phosphoration forCommercial PTFE grafted with Styrene for Fuel Cell Application

“…In the gel state, as the polymerization of Sty increase, the viscosity of the medium is highly increased and the growing polymeric chains are trapped in the viscous medium [29][30][31][32][33]. The termination reaction by the mutual interaction of two growing chains become diffusion-controlled [35,36]. This increases the propagation reaction and retards the termination process.…”

“…This increases the propagation reaction and retards the termination process. On the other hand, the units of active sites formed (free radicals) by increasing the irradiation dose [35,36]. The association between the monomer styrene and the polymer PTFE via hydrogen bonding in a polar solvent leads to the formation of plurim molecular aggregates [37][38][39][40][41].…”

Structural aspects and nature of swelling medium as equilibrium swelling determinants of acrylamide and cellulosic‐based smart hydrogels

“…1 Grafting of vinyl monomers onto various surfaces is a convenient method for preparing hydrogels of various substrates, [2][3][4] and during recent years, radiation was extensively used as a method in network formation and inducing surface grafting. [5][6][7][8][9] Synthetic conditions have tremendous influence on different structural aspects of polymeric network.…”