Acrylonitrile-induced Gastric Toxicity in Rats: Role of Xanthine Oxidase

Al-Abbasi, Fahad A.

doi:10.12659/msm.882896

Cited by 8 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 48 publications

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“…The decline in [Mg 2+ ] e during wakefulness may thereby, in combination with membrane depolarization induced by the elevation of [K + ] e , contribute to the gene expression pattern characteristic of wakefulness. The finding that [Mg 2+ ] e increases during sleep is consistent with the observation that changes in dietary magnesium can have a profound impact on learning and memory, possibly by improving both the amount and quality of sleep (18,19).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Changes in the composition of brain interstitial ions control the sleep-wake cycle

Ding

O’Donnell

et al. 2016

Science

331

366

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Wakefulness is driven by the widespread release of neuromodulators by the ascending arousal system. Yet, it is unclear how these substances orchestrate state-dependent, global changes in neuronal activity. Here we show that neuromodulators induce increases in the extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]e) in cortical slices electrically silenced by tetrodotoxin. In vivo, arousal was linked to AMPA receptor-independent elevations of [K+]e concomitant with decreases in [Ca2+]e, [Mg2+]e, [H+]e, and the extracellular volume. Opposite, natural sleep and anesthesia reduced [K+]e, while increasing [Ca2+]e, [Mg2+]e, [H+]e, as well as the extracellular volume. Local cortical activity of sleeping mice could be readily converted to the stereotypical EEG pattern of wakefulness by simply imposing a change in the extracellular ion composition. Thus, extracellular ions control the state-dependent patterns of neural activity.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%