ACT-MAC: An asynchronous cooperative transmission MAC protocol for WSNs

On cooperative transmission range extension in multi-hop wireless ad-hoc and sensor networks: A review

“…Therefore, failing to provide an integrated MAC solution, none of above mentioned works (both non-cooperative DC and cooperative non-DC) on MAC layer fully addresses the lifetime of WSNs. CDC-MAC [42] and ACT-MAC [43] consider CT in a duty cycle context, however they address only the two-hop network and lack scalability to the multi-hop network. Our work SCT-MAC [44] and OSC-MAC [45] integrate DC and CT in multi-hop networks, and will be highlighted in Section 5.…”

“…Combining range extension and duty cycle scheduling becomes very challenging for multihop networks, because the cooperative nodes have to agree on a wakeup rendezvous time to perform CT even if their schedules might be asynchronous. The CDC-MAC and ACT-MAC protocols [42,43] are designed to consider CT in a duty cycle context, however they apply to only the two-hop network and lack scalability to the multi-hop network. The scheduling algorithms SCT-MAC and OSC-MAC proposed in [44,45] for multi-hop networks both have pipelining and orthogonality features, wherein interfering nodes' schedules are non-overlapping with each other, and schedules of nodes along a primary route towards the Sink are cyclically increased, as illustrated in Fig.…”

Modeling of Multihop Wireless Sensor Networks with MAC, Queuing, and Cooperation

“…We note that, in a more practical setting with control packets accounted for, we expect to see a bigger degradation value. However, fortunately it is shown that, even with control packets accounted for, CT still has a significant advantage over non-CT in both small networks [9] and large-scale multihop networks [13].…”

“…A receiver, gaining a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) advantage of 10 dB to 20 dB through PHY combining [6], can decode the message at an extended range [7]. CT range extension has been experimentally demonstrated in [8], and it shows significant impact on Layer Two and Layer Three of a WSN by eliminating the "energy hole" in EC network [9,10] and by providing better Quality of Service in EH networks [11]. Time-division CT (TDCT) is one type of cooperation, in which the source node multicasts the packet, and the cooperators that decode the packet forward it in orthogonal time slot [12].…”

“…Our previous work OSC-MAC [13] shows notable lifetime improvement over state-of-the-art MAC protocols by using TDCT to balance energy. Yet, it is noted that the performance gap between the CT MAC protocol [9,10] with fixed routes and the theoretically optimal value is unknown. Also note that the analysis in [11], among others, assumes perfect link scheduling, which contrasts with the practical situation wherein link activities are subject to MAC constraints and packet collisions occur.…”