Action of Repellents on Mosquitoes Feeding Through Treated Membranes or on Treated Blood

Bar-Zeev, M.; Smith, Carroll N.

doi:10.1093/jee/52.2.263

Cited by 25 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…Although its complete mode of action is still a matter of considerable debate, DEET (= N,N -diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) is undoubtedly a multimodal compound (DeGennaro 2015), which is perceived by both the olfactory and gustatory systems as an odorant and a tastant, respectively. Additionally, evidence in the literature suggests that DEET also acts as a feeding deterrent (Barzeev & Smith 1959). The pioneering findings by Bar-Zeek and Schmidt (Barzeev & Smith 1959) that blood-feeding was prevented when samples were spiked with DEET has been overlooked most probably because of the difficulty in teasing apart feeding deterrence from contact repellency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, evidence in the literature suggests that DEET also acts as a feeding deterrent (Barzeev & Smith 1959). The pioneering findings by Bar-Zeek and Schmidt (Barzeev & Smith 1959) that blood-feeding was prevented when samples were spiked with DEET has been overlooked most probably because of the difficulty in teasing apart feeding deterrence from contact repellency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During feeding, the fascicle penetrates the host’s skin while the labium bends and the labella remain in direct contact with the outer layer of the skin (Choo et al 2015). Although it has been demonstrated that labral apical sensilla respond to phagostimulants (Liscia et al 1999; Werner-Reiss et al 1999) and feeding deterrents (Kessler et al 2014), it remains difficult to unambiguously determine whether reduced feeding on DEET-spiked blood is mediated by “contact repellency” or “deterrence.” Indeed, Bar-Zeek and Schmidt (Barzeev & Smith 1959) suggested that “repellency” was caused by low concentrations of DEET (then named diethyltoluamide) in the blood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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DEET as a feeding deterrent

Hwang

Zeng

et al. 2017

Preprint

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The insect repellent N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), is a multimodal compound that acts as a spatial repellent as well as an irritant (contact repellent), thus being perceived by the insect’s olfactory and gustatory systems as an odorant and a tastant, respectively. Soon after DEET was developed, almost 6 decades ago, it was reported that it reduced mosquito feeding on blood mixed with this repellent. It is now known that the mosquito proboscis senses contact repellents with the tips (labella) of the labium, which remain in direct contact with the outer layers of the skin, while the stylets, including the feeding deterrent sensor (labrum), penetrate the skin. We designed a behavioral assay that allowed us to tease apart contact repellency from feeding deterrence. First, we demonstrate here that when DEET was mixed with blood and covered by Parafilm® layers, it did not leak to the outer surface. In our assays, the mean number of landings and duration of contacts with surfaces covering blood mixed with DEET or blood plus solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide) did not differ significantly. The feeding times, however, were significantly different. When blood was mixed either with 0.1 or 1% DEET, female southern house mosquitoes spent significantly less time feeding than the time spent feeding on blood mixed only with the solvent. By contrast, there were no significant differences in the mean times of feeding on blood containing 1% picaridin and blood plus solvent. Like DEET, the contact repellent and insecticide, permethrin, caused a significant reduction in feeding time. We, therefore, concluded, that in this context, DEET and permethrin act as feeding deterrents.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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DEET as a feeding deterrent

Hwang

Zeng

et al. 2017

Preprint

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“…It has been shown by REUTER (1936) and BURGESS & BROWN (1957) that blood was more attractive than water. It has already been pointed out by BAR-ZEEV & SMITH (1959) that this result may be due mainly to a difference in the R.H. close to the surface of these materials.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

The Reaction of Mosquitoes to Moisture and High Humidity

Bar-Zeev

1960

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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A method is described by which the effect of a wet surface and the air close to it (up to a height of 2 cm) on female Aedes aegypti (L.) could be determined. The insects were placed in a petri dish, under controlled conditions of ambient temperature and humidity. The bottom of the petri dish was lined with two semicircular filter papers, one being kept dry and the other wet. The intensity of the response was determined as the mean excess percentage of position records on the dry and wet sides. Female mosquitoes avoided very strongly a wet surface and moderately the air close to it. Mosquitoes did not feed on a human arm as long as the skin was kept wet. Desiccated mosquitoes (water loss of 5.6% or higher of their body weight) were strongly attracted to a wet surface and moderately to the air close to it. The higher the desiccation, the stronger was the attraction. Gravid mosquitoes moderately avoided a wet surface, but gave no reaction to the air close to it. There is some evidence that gravid mosquitoes must get into a “laying state” before attraction to a wet surface occurs. The higher the ambient R.H., the stronger the avoidance of a wet surface and of the air close to it. High and low ambient temperatures (35 and 18° C) gave a weaker dry response than a medium temperature (28° C). The causes of the contradictory results obtained by various investigators reporting the response of mosquitoes to moisture are discussed. These differences are most probably due to differences in the technique used and in the physiological state of the mosquitoes. The avoiding reaction from a wet region is due to a taxis‐type, not to a kinesis‐type, reaction. Resume RÉACTION DES MOUSTIQUES A LA MOITEUR ET A LA FORTE HUMIDITÉ La description d'une méthode déterminant l'effet d'une surface moite et de l'air dans sa proximité (jusqu'à une distance de 2 cm) sur la femelle d'Aedes aegypti est présentée. Les insectes sont introduits dans une boǐte de petri sous des conditions contrǒlées de température et d'humidité ambiantes. Deux demi‐ronds de papier filtre sont placés dans le fond de la boǐte; l'un sec et l'autre moite. L'intensité de la réaction est déterminée par la moyenne du pourcentage de l'excédent enregistrant les positions respectives sur les cǒtés sec et moite. Les moustiques femelles évitent fortement une surface moite, et modérément l'air dans sa proximité. Les moustiques ne se nourrissent pas sur un bras humain préalablement humecté tant que la peau reste moite. Les moustiques desséchés (perte d'eau 5.6% ou plus dú poids du corps) sont fortement attirés par une surface moite, et modérément par l'air dans sa proximité; l'attraction augmentent avec la desiccation. Les moustiques gravides évitent modérément une surface moite, mais ne réagissent pas à l'air dans sa proximité. Il existe des indications que les moustiques gravides doivent atteindre un “état de ponte”, avant que la surface moite ne les attire. L'évitement d'une surface moite et de l'air dans sa proximité augmente avec l'...

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“…In an effort to overcome these limitations, researchers have used in vitro blood-membrane systems (Bar-Zeev & Smith, 1959;Rutledge et al, 1976;Cockcroft et al, 1998;Rutledge & Gupta, 2004). The in vitro blood-membrane systems that have been developed differ in their methods of temperature regulation, the nature of the membrane and the composition of the meal (Cosgrove et al, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An in vitro bioassay for the quantitative evaluation of mosquito repellents against Stegomyia aegypti (=Aedes aegypti) mosquitoes using a novel cocktail meal

Huang

Tien

Luo

2015

Medical Vet Entomology

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To assess the efficacy of new insect repellents, an efficient and safe in vitro bioassay system using a multiple-membrane blood-feeding device and a cocktail meal was developed. The multiple-membrane blood-feeding device facilitates the identification of new insect repellents by the high-throughput screening of candidate chemicals. A cocktail meal was developed as a replacement for blood for feeding females of Stegomyia aegypti (=Aedes aegypti) (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). The cocktail meal consisted of a mixture of salt, albumin and dextrose, to which adenosine triphosphate was added to induce engorging. Feeding rates of St. aegypti on the cocktail meal and pig blood, respectively, did not differ significantly, but were significantly higher than the feeding rate on citrate phosphate dextrose-adenine 1 (CPDA-1) solutions, which had been used to replace bloodmeals in previous repellent assays. Dose-dependent biting inhibition rates were analysed using probit analysis. The RD(50) (the dose producing 50% repellence of mosquito feeding) values of DEET, citronella, carvacrol, geraniol, eugenol and thymol were 1.62, 14.40, 22.51, 23.29, 23.83 and 68.05 µg/cm(2), respectively.

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Action of Repellents on Mosquitoes Feeding Through Treated Membranes or on Treated Blood

Cited by 25 publications

References 0 publications

DEET as a feeding deterrent

DEET as a feeding deterrent

The Reaction of Mosquitoes to Moisture and High Humidity

An in vitro bioassay for the quantitative evaluation of mosquito repellents against Stegomyia aegypti (=Aedes aegypti) mosquitoes using a novel cocktail meal

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