Action planning in the presence of distracting stimuli: An investigation into the time course of distractor effects.

Machado, Liana; Wyatt, Natalie; Devine, Amy; Knight, Benjamin

doi:10.1037/0096-1523.33.5.1045

Cited by 43 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…In contrast, some recent studies have suggested that an ISI is not required for a negative effect, since inhibition can overpower excitation from an ongoing external input (e.g., Machado et al, 2007;Machado et al, 2013). However, in the present studies, the target appeared at the center, rather than in the periphery where the distractor was presented in Machado et al (2013Machado et al ( , 2007. Thus, the activation of the peripheral distractor was not strong enough to overwhelm the formation of inhibition.…”

Section: Negative Priming With Isi Between Mask and Targetcontrasting

confidence: 69%

“…Some researchers, using pictures as primes, have also found NP when primes were masked and PP when primes were visible (Banse, 2001;Hermans, Spruyt, De Houwer, & Eelen, 2003). Using a relatively long prime-target SOA (600 ms or longer) (Eimer & Schlaghecken, 1998;Machado, Guiney, & Mitchell, 2011;Machado et al, 2007;Machado et al, 2013;. For instance, in Experiment 4 of , the participants were asked to actively ignore a single prime that was presented for 50 ms and followed immediately by a pattern mask (50 ms); after a variable interval, the single target appeared.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Inhibitory mechanisms in single negative priming from ignored and briefly flashed primes: The key role of the inter-stimulus interval

Wang

Zhao

Liu

et al. 2014

Consciousness and Cognition

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Section: Negative Priming With Isi Between Mask and Targetcontrasting

confidence: 69%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Inhibitory mechanisms in single negative priming from ignored and briefly flashed primes: The key role of the inter-stimulus interval

Wang

Zhao

Liu

et al. 2014

Consciousness and Cognition

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“…Thus, by subtracting the adjRT on neutral trials from that on incongruent trials, the stimulus-stimulus effect is eliminated, isolating the stimulus-response effect. This subtraction thus allows us to speak of the flanker effect in terms of response competition rather than a mixture of response competition and perceptual (in)compatibility (Eriksen & Eriksen, 1974;Machado, Wyatt, Devine & Knight, 2007). Data were analyzed by means of a 3 x 2 x 8 repeated measures ANOVA 1 with factors of flanker congruency (congruent, incongruent, neutral), cuing (cued, uncued) and targetflanker SOA (−400, -300, -200, -100, 0, +100, +200, +300 ms).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of perceptual representations by endogenous attention biases competition in response selection

Klemen

Verbruggen

Skelton

et al. 2011

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Perception and response selection are core processes in the generation of overt behavior. Selective attention is known to facilitate behavioral performance by altering perceptual processes. It remains unclear, however, whether selective attention can aid the resolution of response conflict, and if so, at what stage of processing this takes place. In two experiments, an endogenous cuing task was combined with a flanker task to assess the interaction of selective attention with response selection. The results of Experiment 1 show that cuing reduces the flanker-congruency effect when the cue and flanker are presented in close temporal proximity to each other. The results of Experiment 2 demonstrate that pre-but not post-cuing the target reduced the congruency effect, showing that selective attention can affect performance, but is ineffective once stimulus processing has proceeded to response selection. Our results provide evidence that selective attention can aid the resolution of response conflict by altering early perceptual processing stages.Keywords Attention: Selective . Perception and ActionThe ability to interact with objects in our environment is an important everyday skill. Without this ability, we would be unable to drive a car or pick up a coffee mug. It is commonly assumed that there are three main stages of information processing that underlie interactions with the environment: stimulus perception, response selection, and response execution (Sternberg, 1969). Each of these stages is necessary, since an object must be identified and a response toward the object chosen in order for a response to be carried out. Successful behavior requires mechanisms to selectively attend to task-relevant stimuli, and to resolve competition between different response options. The cognitive system is unable to process all of the information that is available in the environment at once, and mechanisms of selective attention ensure prioritization of goal-relevant information over irrelevant information (e.g., Deutsch & Deutsch, 1963;Lavie, 1995;Treisman, 1969). Similarly, during response-selection stages, conflict might arise between goal-relevant responses and goal-irrelevant responses (e.g., Kornblum, Hasbroucq & Osman, 1990;Ridderinkhof, 2002). This might also involve prioritization of the goal-relevant information. The central question addressed in the present studies was how selective visual attention assists in the resolution of response competition.Competition during response selection is often studied with flanker paradigms (Eriksen & Eriksen, 1974) in which participants respond to a target stimulus while ignoring any surrounding task-irrelevant stimuli. If the flankers are associated with a different response (incongruent flankers) than that appropriate for the target stimulus, task performance is poorer as compared with when the target is flanked by neutral distractors that are not associated with a response (e.g., Eriksen & Eriksen, 1974;Eriksen & Schultz, 1979;Ridderinkhof & van der Molen, 1995). This f...

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“…For example, we tested at a relatively long CTOA using unmasked cues, whereas in a typical NCE study the CTOA is short and the cue/prime is masked. Partially addressing this challenge, recent studies have suggested that NCEs may persist at long CTOAs and without a mask (e.g., Jaśkowski & Slósarek, 2007;Machado, Wyatt, Devine, & Knight, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the nature of the delayed “inhibitory” Cueing effects generated by uninformative arrows at fixation

et al. 2013

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When the interval between a spatially uninformative arrow and a visual target is short (<500 ms), response times (RTs) are fastest when the arrow points to the target. When this interval exceeds 500 ms, there is a near-universal absence of an effect of the arrow on RTs. Contrary to this expected pattern of results, Taylor and Klein (J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 26:1639-1656, 2000 observed that RTs were slowest when a tobe-localized visual target occurred in the direction of a fixated arrow presented 1 s earlier (i.e., an "inhibitory" Cueing effect; ICE). Here we examined which factor(s) may have allowed the arrow to generate an ICE. Our experiments indicated that the ICE was a side effect of subthreshold response activation attributable to a task-induced association between the arrow and a keypress response. Because the cause of this ICE was more closely related to subthreshold keypress activation than to oculomotor activation, we considered that the effect might be more similar to the negative compatibility effect (NCE) than to inhibition of return (IOR). This similarity raises the possibility that classical IOR, when caused by a spatially uninformative peripheral onset event and measured by a keypress response to a subsequent onset, might represent, in part, another instance of an NCE. Serendipitously, we discovered that context (i.e., whether an uninformative peripheral onset could occur at the time of an uninformative central arrow) ultimately determined whether the "inhibitory" aftermath of automatic response activation would affect output or input pathways.

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Action planning in the presence of distracting stimuli: An investigation into the time course of distractor effects.

Cited by 43 publications

References 55 publications

Inhibitory mechanisms in single negative priming from ignored and briefly flashed primes: The key role of the inter-stimulus interval

Inhibitory mechanisms in single negative priming from ignored and briefly flashed primes: The key role of the inter-stimulus interval

Enhancement of perceptual representations by endogenous attention biases competition in response selection

On the nature of the delayed “inhibitory” Cueing effects generated by uninformative arrows at fixation

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