Action profiles of smoking and caffeine: Stroop effect, EEG, and peripheral physiology

Hasenfratz, M.; Bättig, K.

doi:10.1016/0091-3057(92)90459-s

Cited by 81 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…25,45,46 Thus, caffeine's cognitive enhancing effects may be most evident only for some aspects of processing or when the drug is administered to regular users following a period of abstinence. 46,47 This study provided little evidence that the effects of nicotine are influenced by concurrent caffeine (with the exception of working memory accuracy as noted above) and is consistent with other studies examining the combination of these drugs in nonsmoking, moderatecaffeine-consuming individuals. 21,22 This observation may suggest that the coadministration of tobacco and caffeine-containing beverages reflects a behavioral rather than pharmacological mechanism.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Caffeine's Influence on Nicotine's Effects in Nonsmokers

Blank¹,

Kleykamp²,

Jennings³

et al. 2007

am j health behav

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Objective-To determine if nicotine's effects are influenced by caffeine in nonsmoking, moderate-caffeine consuming individuals (N=20).Methods-The first 3 sessions included one of 3 randomly ordered, double-blind caffeine doses (0, 75, or 150 mg, oral [po]) and 2 single-blind nicotine gum doses (2 and 4 mg) in ascending order. The fourth session (single blind) repeated the 0 mg caffeine condition.Results-Nicotine increased heart rate and subjective ratings indicative of aversive effects, and decreased reaction times. These effects were independent of caffeine dose and reliable across sessions. Conclusions-In nonsmokers, nicotine effects are not influenced by moderate caffeine doses.Keywords nicotine; caffeine; interaction; subjective effect; cognition Nicotine and caffeine are mild psychomotor stimulants and the most widely used drugs in the United States. 1,2 Interestingly, 80-97% of nicotine users also use caffeine: 3 smokers drink more coffee than nonsmokers and self-administer more nicotine when using caffeine. 4,5 This frequent co-administration may reflect the influence of pharmacokinetics 6,7 and/or environment. 8 Also, the effects of the nicotine-caffeine combination may differ from those of either drug alone. 1,9 Individually, nicotine and caffeine increase heart rate, 10 produce stimulation and arousal, 11,12 and improve attention. 13,14 Some of these effects may be enhanced when the drugs are combined. For example, oral caffeine, but not placebo, increased the subjective and reinforcing effects of intravenous (IV) nicotine (eg, higher ratings of "stimulated" and monetary crossover point, or amount of money willing to be paid to receive drug; [N = 9] 9 ; see also [N = 12] 1 ). Also, 2 mg nicotine gum increased accuracy on a digit-recall task when administered with active, but not placebo, caffeine [N = 6]. 15 Importantly, results from these studies may be influenced by the fact that all participants were regular nicotine users. When regular nicotine users are included in studies examining nicotine effects, results can be influenced by tolerance and dependence. For instance, recent NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript nicotine exposure may result in a marked reduction of drug effect (ie, tolerance), 16 whereas dependence can produce withdrawal signs and symptoms after a period of drug abstinence. 17 Drug-induced suppression of these signs and symptoms 18 can be mistaken for a direct effect of the drug. One way to understand the direct effects of drugs is to include individuals who are not tolerant to or dependent on them. 19,20 Accordingly, there are several reports of the combined effects of nicotine and caffeine in nonnicotine users (N = 10). 21,22 However, these small-sample studies may have been underpowered. Thus, their failure to report an enhanced effect of the nicotine/caffeine combination, relative to either drug alone, may reflect a Type II error. Although including individuals with no history of caffeine use would also be valuable, this goal is vi...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Caffeine's Influence on Nicotine's Effects in Nonsmokers

Blank¹,

Kleykamp²,

Jennings³

et al. 2007

am j health behav

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“…Some studies found that administration of nicotine per se (Provost and Woodward, 1991) or cigarette smoking (Hasenfratz and Battig, 1992;Provost and Woodward, 1991) decreased the Stroop effect in nonsmokers (Provost and Woodward, 1991) or smokers smoking ad libitum (Hasenfratz and Battig, 1992;Provost and Woodward, 1991). These reports suggested that nicotine had an absolute facilitating effect on focusing of attention, but other observations did not support this view.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Prefrontal Cortical Function in Nondeprived Smokers Performing the Stroop Task

Mendrek

Cohen

et al. 2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Some reports indicate that cigarette smoking can help smokers focus attention, even when they have not abstained from smoking for a substantial period of time (eg, 41 h). Understanding the mechanisms by which smoking affects attention may help in designing smoking cessation treatments. Thirteen nonsmokers and nine smokers participated in two tests of blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). During fMRI, the participants performed the Stroop Task. There was a 15-min break between the two tests. During the break, each smoker smoked one cigarette. For smokers, the first test began 45-60 min after the last cigarette of ad libitum smoking. The differences in BOLD signal changes between Stroop conditions (ie, incongruent minus congruent) showed a group Â test interaction in the right precentral sulcus, including the putative human frontal eye field (FEF). Smokers, but not nonsmokers, showed greater changes (relative to rest) in BOLD signal in the incongruent than in the congruent condition in the first fMRI test but not in the second. Even after brief abstinence from smoking, therefore, smokers exhibit compromised functional efficiency in the right FEF and adjacent precentral sulcus in a test of selective attention; and smoking ameliorates this condition.

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“…A large body of evidence suggests that nicotine can improve measures of attention in smokers (Wesnes and Warburton, 1983;Parrott and Craig, 1992;Leigh et al, 1977;Hasenfratz and Battig, 1992;Rodway et al, 2000). Attentional improvements after nicotine administration in nonsmokers are, however, controversial (Heishman et al, 1993;Heishman and Henningfield, 2000;Foulds et al, 1996;Levin et al, 1998).…”

Section: Behavioral Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Nicotine Modulates Reorienting of Visuospatial Attention and Neural Activity in Human Parietal Cortex

Thiel

Zilles

Fink

2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

170

139

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Prior studies in animals and humans indicate that reorienting of visuospatial attention is modulated by the cholinergic agonist nicotine. We have previously identified neural correlates of alerting and reorienting attention in humans and found that the parietal cortex is specifically involved in reorienting. This study investigates whether the alerting and reorienting systems, especially in the parietal cortex, are modulated by nicotine. We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and studied 15 nonsmoking volunteers under placebo and nicotine (NICORETTE s polacrilex gum 1 and 2 mg). Subjects performed a cued target detection task with four different types of randomly intermixed trials (no, neutral, valid, and invalid cue trials). Alerting was captured by comparing BOLD activity and reaction times (RTs) in neutrally cued trials with no cue trials. Reorienting was isolated by comparing invalidly with validly cued trials. On the behavioral level, nicotine affected reorienting of attention by speeding RTs in invalidly cued trials; alerting was not affected by nicotine. Neurally, however, nicotine modulated both attentional systems. Pharmacologic effects on alerting-related brain activity were mainly evident as modulation of BOLD responses in the right angular gyrus and right middle frontal gyrus due to a reduction of neural activity in no cue trials. In the reorienting system, effects of nicotine were mainly evident in the left intraparietal sulcus and precuneus and due to a reduction of neural activity in invalidly cued trials. We conclude that nicotine enhances reorienting of attention in visuospatial tasks and that one behavioral correlate of speeded RTs is reduced parietal activity.

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Action profiles of smoking and caffeine: Stroop effect, EEG, and peripheral physiology

Cited by 81 publications

References 10 publications

Caffeine's Influence on Nicotine's Effects in Nonsmokers

Caffeine's Influence on Nicotine's Effects in Nonsmokers

Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Prefrontal Cortical Function in Nondeprived Smokers Performing the Stroop Task

Nicotine Modulates Reorienting of Visuospatial Attention and Neural Activity in Human Parietal Cortex

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