Actions of Adjunctive Nutritional Antioxidants in Periodontitis and Prevalent Systemic Inflammatory Diseases

Abstract

Common risk markers for periodontitis and prevalent systemic comorbidities indicate similarities in their progression and molecular mechanisms involved. Resultant pro-oxidant disease profiles provide scope for attenuating their pathogeneses with appropriate adjunctive antioxidants. Levels of oxidative stress markers 8-hydroxy-deoxguanosine (8-HOdG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) are significantly higher in periodontitis and other chronic inflammatory conditions. There is a clear link between periodontitis and diseases associated with significant systemic inflammatory loading, such as metabolic syndrome. Micro- and macro-nutrients have proven to be effective in curbing molecular mechanisms that generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. A Mediterranean diet rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grain, nuts, fish, olive oil and red wine in moderation, could be attributed to the lower occurrence of cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance and other inflammatory diseases in this region. A significant number of naturally occurring flavonoids have been identified in these products. Flavonoids comprising flavonols, flavones and isoflavones are potent free radical scavengers, effective in inhibiting lipid peroxidation, with anti-atherosclerotic and antihypertensive effects.The phenolic compound oleocanthal isolated in virgin olive oil has similar anti-inflammatory actions to that of ibuprofen. The anti-atherogenic effects of MUFA and PUFA in nuts, enhance endothelial function by reducing total cholesterol, oxidized LDL, hs-CRP, sVCAM-1 levels, lipids, lipoproteins and inflammatory markers. Epigenetics influenced by environmental factors and interactions between genes and nutrients, are important considerations in influencing these effects. Using antioxidants as therapeutic adjuncts could enhance the antioxidant capacity of an inherent glutathione system and overcome oxidative effects, thereby mitigating therapeutic side-effects.

miR-142-5p in Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promotes Osteoporosis Involving Targeting Adhesion Molecule VCAM-1 and Inhibiting Cell Migration

“…VCAM-1 is an adhesion protein important in cell-cell recognition and it plays multiple roles in inflammation, cell differentiation and development of organs, immune responses, lymphocyte homing and recycling, and malignant metastasis [ 20 ]. VCAM-1 in the immune cells is known to contribute to their activation and migration [ 21 ]. Furthermore, VCAM-1 is expressed at lower levels in some diseases characterized with mesenchymal stem cell deficiency or dysfunction, such as aplastic anemia.…”

Autophagy, One of the Main Steps in Periodontitis Pathogenesis and Evolution

“…Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that specifically alters the integrity of the tooth-supporting tissue through a complex interaction between periodontal pathogens and the host’s immune response [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Traditional periodontal therapy is subgingival debridement and maintenance of good oral hygiene.…”

“…Traditional periodontal therapy is subgingival debridement and maintenance of good oral hygiene. Subgingival debridement is either the only treatment strategy or the initial phase before surgical intervention in severe periodontitis cases [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Mechanical therapy, represented by ultrasonic or hand instrumentation debridement, is the most common therapeutic strategy for the periodontal disease [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ].…”

“…Inflammation should be regarded as the common denominator between periodontitis and systemic diseases such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and atherosclerosis [ 7 , 8 , 36 ]. These systemic diseases, together with periodontitis, have a complex etiology based on a puzzle of changeable (age or genetic predisposition) and modifiable risk factors (smoking, alcohol, dyslipidemia, and chronic infections) [ 39 ].…”

“…Clinical evidence reveals that chronic inflammatory reactions usually lead to the progressive damage of cells in the periodontium [ 8 ]. Commonly, proper inflammation responses are beneficial for the host defense; however, excessive inflammatory reactions can lead to serious damage, tissue destruction, or organ failure [ 8 ].…”